ํ•„๊ธฐ

  • Tension ์™„ํ™”
    • ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ํŒฝํŒฝํ•œ ๊ณณ์„ ๊ทธ๋ƒฅ ํ’€์–ด์ฃผ๋Š” - ์ ˆ๊ฐœ๋ฅผ ํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜
  • Plane of undermining : direct cutaneous vessel์„ ํฌํ•จํ•  ๊ฒƒ
  • Atraumatic technique :
  • Risks: ํ˜ˆํ–‰์„ ๋ฐฉํ•ด,
    • Excessive tension, rough technique, and division of direct cutaneous arteries interfere with cutaneous circulation, potentially causing skin necrosis, dehiscence, or infection
  • Relaxing incisions
    • ์ƒ์ฒ˜ ๋ถ€์œ„ ์ฃผ๋ณ€ ์ •์ƒ ์กฐ์ง์„ ๋А์Šจํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋А๋‚Œ
    • Simple relaxing incisions : tension์ด ๋งŽ์œผ๋ฉด ์•ž์ชฝ์— ์ ˆ๊ฐœ์ฐฝ: ์ƒ์ฒ˜์žˆ๋Š” ๊ณณ์€ ์ž˜ ๋ด‰ํ•ฉํ•ด๋†“๊ณ , ์ •์ƒ์ธ ์กฐ์ง์€ ์•ฝ๊ฐ„ ์ ˆ๊ฐœ๋˜์–ด๋„ ๊ดœ์ฐฎ์Œ
    • Multiple Punctate relaxing incisions : ์ƒ์ฒ˜ ์ฃผ๋ณ€์— ๊ตฌ๋ฉ์„ ๋ปฅ๋ปฅ ๋šซ์–ด tension ์™„ํ™”
  • Skin Stretching & Expansion
    • Presuturing : ๋ฒ„ํŠผ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•ด์„œ ์ฒ˜์Œ์—” ๋А์Šจํ•˜๊ฒŒ โ†’ ๋ฒ„ํŠผ ์ชฝ์—์„œ ์‹ค์„ ๋•ก๊ฒจ์„œ ์กฐ๊ธˆ์”ฉ ๋‹ซ์•„์ฃผ๋Š”
    • Stretchers? Expanders? : Flap ๋•ก๊ฒจ์˜ฌ ํ”ผ๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ์—†์„ ๋•Œ, ballon์ด๋‚˜ ๋ฌผ๋กœ ํ”ผ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ๋ถ€ํ’€๋ ค์„œ ์ตœ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋А์Šจํ•˜๊ฒŒ (๊ดด์‚ฌ ์œ„ํ—˜ ๊ฐ์ˆ˜) โ‡’ ์ƒ์ฒ˜ ์ชฝ์œผ๋กœ ๋–™๊ฒจ์˜ด
  • Suture patterns
    • Walking sutures : tension์ด ํ•œ์ชฝ์— ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ๋ชฐ๋ฆฌ์ง€ ์•Š๋„๋ก ์ค‘๊ฐ„์ค‘๊ฐ„ tension์„ ๋ถ„์‚ฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” anchor ๋ฅผ ๋‘๋Š” ๊ฒƒ
    • External Tension-Relieving Sutures :
  • Dog ears : ํ”ผ๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์— ์šฐ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ
    • ์ฒ˜์Œ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ž˜..
    • ํ•œ์ชฝ ๋์—์„œ ์ผ์ž๋กœ ํˆญํˆญ ํ•˜๋‹ค๋ณด๋ฉด ์šธ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œ (ํŠนํžˆ ๊ตด๊ณก ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ถ€์œ„์—์„œ)
    • ์ค‘๊ฐ„์„ ๋จผ์ € ๋ด‰ํ•ฉํ•˜๊ณ  ์ค‘๊ฐ„ ์ค‘๊ฐ„ ๋‚˜๋ˆ ๊ฐ€๋ฉด์„œ ํ•˜๋ฉด dog ear ๋ฐฉ์ง€ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์ข‹์Œ
    • ์ƒ๊ธฐ๋ฉด โ†’ ์ค„์„ ์ข€ ๋” ๊ทธ์–ด์ฃผ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜, ์‚ฌ๊ฐํ˜•์œผ๋กœ ์ž‘๊ฒŒ ์ž‘๊ฒŒ

โ… . Introduction

  • ์žฌ๊ฑด ์ˆ˜์ˆ ์˜ ๋ชฉ์ : ์™ธ์ƒ, ์„ ์ฒœ์  ์ด์ƒ ๊ต์ •, ์ข…์–‘(neoplasm) ์ œ๊ฑฐ ํ›„ ๊ฒฐ์† ๋ถ€์œ„ ํ์‡„๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ํ”ํžˆ ์‹œํ–‰๋จ.
  • ์ƒ์ฒ˜ ์น˜์œ (wound healing)์™€ ํ์‡„(closure): ํฐ trunk ๋ณ‘๋ณ€์€ ์ˆ˜์ถ•(contraction)๊ณผ ์ƒํ”ผํ™”(epithelialization)๋กœ ์น˜์œ ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋‚˜, ์ƒ์ฒ˜ ํ์‡„๊ฐ€ ๋” ๋ฐ”๋žŒ์งํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ์Œ. ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์ ˆ๊ฐœ(relaxing incision), plasty(V-to-Y, Z-plasty), flap, graft ๋“ฑ์ด ์žˆ์Œ.
  • ๊ณ„ํš ์‹œ ์ฃผ์š” ๊ณ ๋ ค์‚ฌํ•ญ: ์ƒ์ฒ˜ ์œ„์น˜(location), ์ฃผ๋ณ€ ์กฐ์ง์˜ ํƒ„๋ ฅ์„ฑ(elasticity), regional blood supply, wound bed์˜ ํŠน์„ฑ ๋“ฑ์„ ๋ฐ˜๋“œ์‹œ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•ด์•ผ ํ•จ.

โ…ก. Skin Tension and Elasticity

  • ํ”ผ๋ถ€ ๊ธด์žฅ๋„(skin tension)์™€ ํƒ„๋ ฅ์„ฑ(elasticity) ํ‰๊ฐ€: flap ๋˜๋Š” graft ์˜ˆ์ • ๋ถ€์œ„์˜ ํ”ผ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ์žก์•„ ๋“ค์–ด์˜ฌ๋ ค ์ž๋ฐœ์  ์ˆ˜์ถ•์„ ๊ด€์ฐฐํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•จ. ํ—ˆ์šฉ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ tension์€ ์ฃผ๊ด€์ ์ž„.
  • ๊ณผ๋„ํ•œ tension์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ: ์ ˆ๊ฐœ๋ถ€ ๊ฐ€์žฅ์ž๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๊ณผ๋„ํ•œ tension ์ƒํƒœ๋กœ ๋งž๋Œ€๋ฉด ํ†ต์ฆ(incisional discomfort), ์••๋ฐ• ๊ดด์‚ฌ(pressure necrosis), ๋ด‰ํ•ฉ์‚ฌ ์ ˆ๋‹จ(sutures โ€œcutting outโ€), ๋ถ€๋ถ„ ๋˜๋Š” ์™„์ „ ์ ˆ๊ฐœ๋ถ€ ์—ด๊ฐœ(incisional dehiscence)๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œ.

โ…ข. Tension Lines Formation

  • tension line์˜ ํ˜•์„ฑ: ํ”ผ๋ถ€ ๋‚ด fibrous tissue์˜ ์ฃผ๋œ pull์— ์˜ํ•ด ํ˜•์„ฑ๋จ. ํ’ˆ์ข…(breed), ์ฒดํ˜•(conformation), ์„ฑ๋ณ„(gender), ์—ฐ๋ น(age)์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋‹ค๋ฆ„.
  • ์ˆ˜์ˆ ์  ์ค‘์š”์„ฑ: tension์€ incised skin edge๋ฅผ ๋ฒŒ์–ด์ง€๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๊ณ  linear scar๋ฅผ ๋„“ํž˜. tension line๊ณผ ํ‰ํ–‰ํ•˜๊ฒŒ incision์„ ํ•˜๋ฉด ๋” ๋น ๋ฅด๊ณ  ๋ฏธ์šฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์šฐ์ˆ˜ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์น˜์œ ๋จ. tension line์„ ๊ฐ€๋กœ์ง€๋ฅด๋Š” incision์€ ๋ฒŒ์–ด์ง€๊ณ , ๋” ๋งŽ์€ suture๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋ฉฐ dehiscence ์œ„ํ—˜์ด ๋†’์Œ.

โ…ฃ. Tension Relief Techniques

  • tension ์™„ํ™” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•: wound closure ์‹œ tension์„ ์ค„์ด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด ์žˆ์Œ.
  • Undermining: ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•œ tension-relieving procedure. scissors๋กœ skin ๋˜๋Š” panniculus muscle(๋˜๋Š” ๋‘˜ ๋‹ค)์„ ๋ฐ•๋ฆฌํ•˜์—ฌ ํ”ผ๋ถ€์˜ ํƒ„๋ ฅ์„ฑ์„ ์ตœ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ™œ์šฉํ•จ. plane of undermining์€ panniculus muscle layer(์กด์žฌ ์‹œ) ์•„๋ž˜๋กœ, extremity์—์„œ๋Š” loose areolar fascia deep to dermis๋กœ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•˜์—ฌ subdermal plexus๋ฅผ ๋ณด์กดํ•ด์•ผ ํ•จ.
  • Relaxing Incision: defect ์ธ์ ‘์— skin edge apposition์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ์‹œํ–‰. ์ฃผ๋กœ distal extremity, ๋ˆˆ(eye), ํ•ญ๋ฌธ(anus) ์ฃผ๋ณ€, vital structure๋‚˜ implant ๋ฎ๊ฐœ์— ์‚ฌ์šฉ. ๋‹จ์ผ relaxing incision์€ 25~30์ผ ๋‚ด contraction๊ณผ epithelialization์œผ๋กœ ์น˜์œ ๋จ. multiple punctate relaxing incision์€ ๋ฏธ์šฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋” ์šฐ์ˆ˜ํ•˜๋‚˜, ์ˆœํ™˜ ์žฅ์•  ์œ„ํ—˜์ด ๋†’์Œ.
  • Skin Stretching and Expansion: mechanical creep, stress relaxation์„ ์ด์šฉํ•ด skin์„ ๋ณธ๋ž˜ elasticity ์ด์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋Š˜๋ฆผ. presuturing, adjustable suture, skin stretcher, tissue expander ๋“ฑ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด ์žˆ์Œ.

โ…ค. Suture Patterns for Tension Relief

  • Subdermal Suture: subdermal ๋˜๋Š” subcuticular tissue์— ๋ด‰ํ•ฉํ•˜์—ฌ skin suture์— ๊ฐ€ํ•ด์ง€๋Š” tension์„ ์ค„์ด๊ณ , scar๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์†Œ์‹œํ‚ด.
  • Walking Suture: skin์„ defect๋กœ ์ด๋™์‹œํ‚ค๊ณ , dead space๋ฅผ ์—†์• ๋ฉฐ, tension์„ ๋ถ„์‚ฐ์‹œํ‚ด. ๊ณผ๋„ํ•œ ๋ด‰ํ•ฉ์€ circulation compromise๋ฅผ ์œ ๋ฐœํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ ์ตœ์†Œํ™”ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•จ.
  • External Tension-Relieving Suture: suture๊ฐ€ skin์„ ์ ˆ๋‹จํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ฐฉ์ง€ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด pressure๋ฅผ ๋„“๊ฒŒ ๋ถ„์‚ฐ์‹œํ‚ด. mattress, cruciate, pulley suture(โ€œfar-near-near-farโ€, โ€œfar-far-near-nearโ€) ๋“ฑ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ํŒจํ„ด์ด ์žˆ์Œ.

โ…ฅ. Prevention and Correction of โ€œDog Earsโ€

  • โ€œDog earโ€(๋ด‰ํ•ฉ์„  ๋์˜ puckering) ์˜ˆ๋ฐฉ: suture spacing ์กฐ์ ˆ(๋ณผ๋ก๋ฉด์€ ์ด˜์ด˜ํžˆ, ์˜ค๋ชฉ๋ฉด์€ ๋„“๊ฒŒ), ์–‡๊ณ  elasticํ•œ skin์—์„œ ๋œ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•จ. ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์€ excision ์—†์ด ํ‰ํ‰ํ•ด์ง.
  • ๊ต์ •: elliptic incision์œผ๋กœ redundant skin์„ ์ œ๊ฑฐํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜, triangle excision ๋“ฑ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ correctionํ•จ.

โ…ฆ. Removal of Skin Tumors

  • ๊ณ„ํš: skin tension๊ณผ elasticity ํ‰๊ฐ€, excessive tumor manipulation ํ”ผํ•จ. tension line ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ, excision shape, closure method๋ฅผ ๋ฏธ๋ฆฌ ๊ณ„ํšํ•ด์•ผ ํ•จ.
  • excision margin: tumor, previous biopsy site, ์ •์ƒ ์กฐ์ง์˜ ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํ•œ ์—ฌ์œ ๋ฅผ ํฌํ•จํ•˜์—ฌ 3์ฐจ์›์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ ˆ์ œ.
  • Radical Tumor Excision: poorly localized/high-grade malignant tumor์— ์ ์šฉ. compartment structure, amputation, lobectomy ๋“ฑ ํฌํ•จ.
  • blood supply ligation, wound bed irrigation, lymph node biopsy, contaminated instrument ๊ต์ฒด ๋“ฑ ์ˆ˜์ˆ  ์ „ํ›„ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ค‘์š”ํ•จ.

โ…ง. Closure of Irregular Skin Defects

  • circular defect: โ€œdog earโ€ ๋ฐœ์ƒ์ด ์‰ฌ์›Œ linear, combined V, bow tie technique์ด ์„ ํ˜ธ๋จ.
  • linear closure: ์ž‘์€ defect์— ์ ์šฉ, suture๋Š” tension line๊ณผ ํ‰ํ–‰ํ•˜๊ฒŒ.
  • combined V, bow tie technique: skin์ด ๋ถ€์กฑํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์—ฌ์œ ๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ์„ ๋•Œ ๊ฐ๊ฐ ์ ์šฉ.

โ…จ. Closure of Triangular, Square, Rectangular Defects

  • triangular defect: Y-shaped suture line, rotational flap ๋“ฑ์œผ๋กœ closure.
  • square/rectangular defect: centripetal, unilateral(single-pedicle) advancement flap, rotational flap ๋“ฑ์œผ๋กœ closure.

โ…ฉ. Skin Flaps

  • Pedicle Flap: ํ˜ˆ๊ด€์ด ํฌํ•จ๋œ epidermis์™€ dermis ์ผ๋ถ€๋ฅผ donor site์—์„œ defect๋กœ ์ด๋™. ์ฆ‰์‹œ coverage ์ œ๊ณต, secondary intention์˜ scarring๊ณผ contracture ์˜ˆ๋ฐฉ.
  • Subdermal Plexus Flap: circulation์ด subdermal plexus์—์„œ ์˜ด. ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํ”ํ•จ.
  • Axial Pattern Flap: direct cutaneous artery/vein์ด base์— ํฌํ•จ๋˜์–ด perfusion์ด ๋” ์ข‹์Œ.
  • Island flap, local flap, interpolation flap, distant flap, compound/composite flap ๋“ฑ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Œ.
  • flap fixation, donor site management, cosmetic planning, adjunct treatment(HBOT, NPWT) ๋“ฑ๋„ ์ค‘์š”.

โ…ช. Types of Skin Flaps (Detailed)

  • advancement flap, rotational flap, transposition flap, Z-plasty, interpolation flap, pouch/hinge flap, tubed pedicle flap, axial pattern flap ๋“ฑ ๊ฐ ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์˜ ์ ์‘์ฆ, ์žฅ๋‹จ์ , ํ•ฉ๋ณ‘์ฆ ๋“ฑ.

โ…ซ. Composite and Muscle Flaps

  • composite flap: skin๊ณผ muscle, bone, cartilage ๋“ฑ ํฌํ•จ.
  • muscle flap: herniorrhaphy, soft tissue defect coverage, infection control ๋“ฑ์—์„œ ์‚ฌ์šฉ. vascular supply๊ฐ€ ์ค‘์š”.
  • myocutaneous flap: muscle๊ณผ overlying skin์„ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์ด๋™, direct cutaneous artery๊ฐ€ skin์— ํ˜ˆ๋ฅ˜ ๊ณต๊ธ‰.

โ…ฉโ…ข. Omental Flaps

  • ๋ชฉ์ : soft tissue defect coverage, circulation/drainage ์ œ๊ณต, healing ์ด‰์ง„, adhesion control, infection control ๋“ฑ.
  • anatomy, mobilization method, complication ๋“ฑ.

โ…ฉโ…ฃ. Microvascular Flap Transfer

  • microvascular flap transfer: specialized training, operating microscope, fine suture material(9-0~11-0), vascular clamp ๋“ฑ ํ•„์š”. vessel anastomosis๊ฐ€ ํ•ต์‹ฌ.

โ…ฉโ…ค. Skin Grafts

  • ์ •์˜: free dermis/epidermis๋ฅผ distant recipient site๋กœ transfer.
  • ์ข…๋ฅ˜: full-thickness(์ง„ํ”ผ ์ „์ฒด+ํ‘œํ”ผ), split-thickness(์ง„ํ”ผ ์ผ๋ถ€+ํ‘œํ”ผ). feline skin์€ split-thickness graft์— ๋ถ€์ ํ•ฉ.
  • ์ƒ์ฐฉ ๊ณผ์ •: plasmatic imbibition(ํ˜ˆ์žฅ ํก์ˆ˜), inosculation(ํ˜ˆ๊ด€ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ), new vessel ingrowth(์‹ ์ƒ ํ˜ˆ๊ด€ ์„ฑ์žฅ). 7~8์ผ ๋‚ด์— ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ ธ์•ผ ํ•จ.
  • recipient bed ์กฐ๊ฑด: healthy granulation tissue, infection/debris ์—†์Œ, adequate vascular supply ํ•„์š”.
  • failure ์›์ธ: graft-bed separation, infection, movement, hematoma/seroma, improper dressing ๋“ฑ.

โ…ฉโ…ฅ. Types of Skin Grafts (Specific Techniques)

  • full-thickness skin graft: flexor surface, distal extremity ๋“ฑ์—์„œ ์‚ฌ์šฉ. healing ํ›„ normal skin๊ณผ ์œ ์‚ฌ.
  • mesh graft: drainage, flexibility, expansion ์ฆ๊ฐ€. NPWT ๋ณ‘ํ–‰ ์‹œ graft uptake ํ–ฅ์ƒ.
  • split-thickness skin graft: durability ๋‚ฎ๊ณ , hair growth ์ ์Œ. stamp graft ๋“ฑ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๋ณ€ํ˜• ๊ธฐ๋ฒ• ์กด์žฌ.