Tumor Stroma

Composition of the stroma

  • tumor = tumor cells proper(=parenchyma) + nonneoplastic supporting structure(=stroma) (tumor๋Š” ์„ธํฌ์™€ ์ง€์ง€๋ฌผ์งˆ๋กœ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง)
  • stroma : ECM + blood vessels, fibroblast, ์—ผ์ฆ&๋ฉด์—ญ ์„ธํฌ
    • ECM(extracellular matrix) : ์ฃผ๋กœ extracellular connective tissue+ proteins, glycoproteins(ex. collagen), proteoglycans
    • blood vessels : tumor์—๊ฒŒ nutrient ๊ณต๊ธ‰
    • fibroblast : collagen๊ณผ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ components๋ฅผ ํ•ฉ์„ฑํ•ด์„œ ECM์„ ๋งŒ๋“ฆ
  • Epithelial tumors์˜ ECM์€ surrounding nonneoplastic mesenchymal cells์— ์˜ํ•ด ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ง (cf. mesenchymal tumors๋Š” stroma๋ฅผ ์Šค์Šค๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด๋ƒ„)
  • stromal tissue๋Š” connective tissue capsule์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด tumor๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์Œˆ
    • capsule์€ neoplastic spread๋ฅผ limit. (capsule์ด ๊นจ์ง€๋ฉด ์•…์„ฑ ์ข…์–‘์ด ๋  ๊ฒƒ-encapsulated tumors๊ฐ€ ์˜ˆํ›„๊ฐ€ ๋” ์ข‹์€ ํŽธ)

Tumor-stromal interactions

  • tumor cells๋Š” ์ž๊ธฐ stroma์™€ ๋ณต์žกํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉํ•จ (์‹ ํ˜ธ: growth factors, cytokines, hormones, inflammatory mediators)
    • growth rate, differentiation state, stromal cell๊ณผ tumor cell์˜ ์›€์ง์ž„ ๋“ฑ์„ ์กฐ์ ˆ
    • ex) tumor cell์ด ๋ถ„๋น„ํ•˜๋Š” PDGF : tumor-associated fibroblasts^[์ž๊ธฐ์˜ ์„ฑ์žฅ์„ ์ธ์ ‘ํ•œ tumor cells์˜ ์„ฑ์žฅ๊ณผ synchoronize ]๊ฐ€ collagen์„ ๋” ์ƒ์‚ฐํ•˜๋„๋ก ์œ ๋„
  • Tumor cells๋Š” ์ฃผ๋ณ€ stromal cells๊ฐ€ cytokine์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ฒŒ ํ•˜์—ฌ proliferation๊ณผ motility๋ฅผ ์ด‰์ง„, ์—ผ์ฆ ์„ธํฌ๋ฅผ ๋Œ์–ด์˜ด
  • proteases^[tumor cells, stromal fibroblasts, ์—ผ์ฆ์„ธํฌ์— ์˜ํ•ด ๋ถ„๋น„๋จ]๋Š” ECM๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ growth factor๋ฅผ release โ†’ cell proliferation & migration์„ ์ด‰์ง„

Angiogenesis

  • solid tumor๊ฐ€ ๊ณ„์† ์„ฑ์žฅํ•˜๋ ค๋ฉด ํ˜ˆ์•ก ๊ณต๊ธ‰(โ†’ ์‚ฐ์†Œ, ์˜์–‘์†Œ ๊ณต๊ธ‰)์ด ํ•„์ˆ˜
  • angiogenesis๊ฐ€ ์—†์œผ๋ฉด, tumor ํฌ๊ธฐ๋Š” ์ตœ๋Œ€ 1-2mm๋ฟ
  • tumor๋Š” angiogenic factor๋ฅผ ์ƒ์‚ฐํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜, antiangiogenic factor๋ฅผ ์ค„์ž„์œผ๋กœ์จ angiogenesis๋ฅผ ๊ฐœ์‹œํ•จ
  • ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ง„ tumor blood vessels๋Š” ๊ทธ๋ƒฅ ํ˜ˆ๊ด€๋ณด๋‹ค more dilated, tortuous(๊ผฌ๋ถˆ๊ผฌ๋ถˆ), permeable(ํˆฌ๊ณผ๋„๊ฐ€ ๋†’์•„ ๋ฌผ์งˆ ์ด๋™ ๋ฐ ์ถœํ˜ˆโ†‘)
  • tumor vasculature์˜ ์—ญํ• 
    • ์˜์–‘์†Œ ๊ณต๊ธ‰
    • vessel leakiness โ†’ fibrin network์˜ perivascular deposition (collagenous tumor stroma ํ˜•์„ฑ์„ ์ด‰์ง„)
    • ํ˜ˆ๊ด€ ๋‚ดํ”ผ์„ธํฌ๊ฐ€ growth factor(PDGF, IL-1 ๋“ฑ)๋ฅผ ์ƒ์‚ฐ โ†’ proliferation์ฆ์‹ โ†‘
    • ์ด๊ฒŒ ์—†์œผ๋ฉด metastasize(์ „์ด)๋„ ๋ชปํ•จ
  • lymphatic vasculature development(=lymphangiogenesis)
    • Tumor-associated lymphatic vessels๋Š” solid tumor๊ฐ€ ์ฃผ๋ณ€ lymph nodes๋กœ ์ „์ด๋˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ํ•„์ˆ˜์ ์ธ ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•จ (๋ฆผํ”„๊ด€ ํƒ€๊ณ  ๋ฆผํ”„์ ˆ๋กœ)
    • VEGF expression๊ณผ lymphatic metastasis (โˆต tumor๊ฐ€ VEGF๋ฅผ ๋ถ„๋น„ โ†’ ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ ๋ฆผํ”„๊ด€์—์„œ tumor-associated ๋ฆผํ”„๊ด€์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒ) tumor vasculature : ํ›จ์”ฌ ์–ผ๊ธฐ์„ค๊ธฐ, ์ž˜ ์ƒˆ์–ด๋‚˜๊ฐ, ๊ผฌ๋ถˆ๊ผฌ๋ถˆ

Inflammation

  • ์ข…์–‘์€ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์„ธํฌ๋“ค๋กœ ์นจ์œค๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋‹ค: neutrophils, eosinophils, mast cells, lymphocytes, histiocytes & combination
  • tumor cell์ด ๋ถ„๋น„ํ•˜๋Š” chemokines & cytokines โ†’ ์ด๋Ÿฐ inflammatory cells๋“ค์ด ๋ชจ์—ฌ๋“ฆ โ†’tumor๋กœ leukocytes๋ฅผ ๋” ๋ถ€๋ฆ„
  • inflammation์„ ํ†ตํ•ด tumor๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ณดํ˜ธํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ, chronic inflammatory conditions๊ฐ€ affected organs์— cancer๋ฅผ ๋” ์ฆ๊ฐ€์‹œํ‚ด