๋ณ‘๋ฆฌ1(A) - 1.2 Causes of cell injury

  • ์กฐ์ง๊ณผ ์žฅ๊ธฐ์˜ injury๋Š” cellular level์—์„œ ์‹œ์ž‘๋œ๋‹ค.
  • cell injury๋Š” ์„ธํฌ์˜ ํ•ญ์ƒ์„ฑ์„ ๊นจ๋œจ๋ฆฐ๋‹ค.
  • ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ cell injury์˜ causes๋Š” 4๊ฐ€์ง€ common biochemical mechanisms ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜ ํ˜น์€ ๊ทธ ์ด์ƒ์„ ์œ ๋ฐœํ•œ๋‹ค. โ†’ (1) ATP depletion, (2) permeabilization of cell membranes, (3) disruption of biochemical pathways, (4) damage to DNA
  • cell injury์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ response๋กœ๋Š” (1) adaptation, (2) degeneration, (3) death๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
  • ์ด response๋Š” reversibleํ•  ์ˆ˜๋„, irreversibleํ•  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๋‹ค.

Oxygen deficiency

  • hypoxia(์ €์‚ฐ์†Œ์ฆ)
  • ischemia(ํ—ˆํ˜ˆ; ํ˜ˆ๊ด€์ด ๋ง‰ํ˜€์„œ ํ˜ˆ์•ก์ด ์ œ๋Œ€๋กœ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์•Š์Œ)

Physical agents

  • mechanical trauma(๊ธฐ๊ณ„์  ์†์ƒ) : ๋Œ€ํ‘œ์ ์œผ๋กœ direct cell damage
  • indirect blood supply disruption
    • temperature extremes : extreme heat โ†’ enzyme๊ณผ proteins๊ฐ€ denature(๋ณ€์„ฑ)๋จ. cold โ†’ vasoconstriction โ†’ ๋ง์ดˆ์˜ ํ˜ˆ๊ด€์ด ์ ์  ๋‚ด๋ถ€๋กœ ๋“ค์–ด์˜จ๋‹ค( โ†’ ๋ง์ดˆ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๊ดด์‚ฌ) extreme cold โ†’ ์„ธํฌ freeze
      • ionizing and UV radiation : ์„ธํฌ์™€ ์„ธํฌ์˜ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ์„ ์ž๋ฅด๊ฑฐ๋‚˜, DNA damage๋ฅผ ์ผ์œผํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
      • electrical currents : ์กฐ์ง ์‚ฌ์ด๋ฅผ ํ†ต๊ณผํ•˜๋Š” ์—ด์„ ๋ฐœ์ƒ์‹œ์ผœ ํ™”์ƒ์„ ์ผ์œผํ‚จ๋‹ค.

Infectious microbes

  • replicationํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ฐจ์ด์ 

Nutritional Imbalances

  • deficiencies(๊ฒฐํ•) : short term์ผ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ ์‘, long term์ผ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์•„์‚ฌ(starvation)ํ•˜์—ฌ atrophy(์„ธํฌ ์‚ฌ์ด์ฆˆ ์ถ•์†Œ)๊ฐ€ ์ผ์–ด๋‚จ.
  • excesses(๊ณผ๋„) : ๋น„๋งŒ, ๋Œ€์‚ฌ ์žฅ์• 

Genetic derangement

  • ํ’ˆ์ข…์„ ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜๋ ค๋‹ค ๋ณด๋ฉด ์œ ์ „ ์งˆ๋ณ‘์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚  ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ๋†’์•„์ง

Workload imbalance

  • hypertrophy (์„ธํฌ size ์ฆ๊ฐ€)
  • hyperplasia (์„ธํฌ number ์ฆ๊ฐ€)
  • atrophy (์œ„์ถ•, ์ค„์–ด๋“ฆ)
    • innervation : ์‹ ๊ฒฝ ์ง€๋ฐฐ โ†’ ์‹ ๊ฒฝ ์ „๋‹ฌ์ด ์•ˆ ๋˜๋‹ˆ๊นŒ ๊ฐ€๋งŒํžˆ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ฐ€ atrophy
    • hormones, growth factors์— ์˜ํ•ด
    • disuse atrophy(์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•„์„œ), denervation atrophy(์‹ ๊ฒฝ ์ „๋‹ฌ์ด ์•ˆ ๋ผ์„œ), physiologic atrophy(์ƒ๋ฆฌํ•™์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐœ์ƒ, ์ •์ƒ), apoptosis(์„ธํฌ ์ฃฝ์—ˆ์œผ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ)

Chemicals, drugs, and toxins

  • cellular homeostasis๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”๊ฟˆ

Immunologic Dysfunction

  • ์™ธ๋ถ€ ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ ๋…ธ์ถœ์ด๋‚˜ ๊ฐ์—ผ ์‹œ ์ œ๋Œ€๋กœ ๋ฐฉ์–ดํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•จ
  • ์™ธ๋ถ€ ํ•ญ์›์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์•Œ๋ ˆ๋ฅด๊ธฐ ๋ฐ˜์‘(excess response) ์ผ์–ด๋‚  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œ
  • self-antigen์— ๋ถ€์ ์ ˆํ•œ ๋ฐ˜์‘(์ž๊ฐ€๋ฉด์—ญ์งˆํ™˜)

Aging

  • ์„ธํฌ/์กฐ์ง aging โ†’ ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ, ์ง€์งˆ, ํ•ต์‚ฐ์— damage๊ฐ€ ๋ˆ„์ ๋จ
  • ROS(Reactive Oxygen Species)์— ์˜ํ•ด ์†์ƒ์„ ์ž…๊ฑฐ๋‚˜, DNA mutation ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ๋†’์•„์ง โ†’ neoplasia๋„ ์ƒ๊ธธ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค
  • little regenerative capacity๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋Š” ์„ธํฌ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ(ex. neuron) degeneration์ด ๋” ์ž˜, ๋นจ๋ฆฌ ์ผ์–ด๋‚จ.
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๋ณ‘๋ฆฌ1(A) - 1.3 Reversible injury

(์„ธํฌ๋ง‰์ด ํ„ฐ์ง€์ง€ ์•Š์Œ)

Acute cell swelling

  • water volume์ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•ด์„œ enlargement
  1. hydropic degeneration : renal tubular epithelial cell ๋“ฑ
  2. ballooning degeneration : other tissue in the central
  3. cytotoxic edema : CNS, glial cell ๋“ฑ
  • cell swelling์˜ ๊ธฐ์ „ 2๊ฐ€์ง€
    1. hypoxia-induced failure of ATP synthesis (Na+/K+ pump๊ฐ€ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ ๋ชปํ•ด Na+๊ฐ€ ๋ฌผ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ๋“ค์–ด์˜จ๋‹ค) : ์‚ฐ์†Œ๊ณต๊ธ‰ ์ค‘๋‹จ์„ ํฌํ•จ
    2. Carbon tetrachloride(CCl4)-induced membrane damage (cell membrane์— ์ง์ ‘์ ์œผ๋กœ ํƒ€๊ฒฉ) โ†’ ์ธ์ง€์งˆ ์ด์ค‘์ธต ํŒŒ๊ดด
  • ๋‰ด๋Ÿฐ์€ anaerobic generation์„ ๋ชป ํ•˜๋ฏ€๋กœ ์‚ฐ์†Œ ๊ณต๊ธ‰์ด ์•ˆ ๋˜๋ฉด ๋‡Œ ์†์ƒ์ด ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋จผ์ € ์ผ์–ด๋‚œ๋‹ค.
  • morphology
    • ์œก์•ˆ์  appearance (volume๊ณผ weight ์ฆ๊ฐ€)
    • microscopic appearance
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๋ณ‘๋ฆฌ1(A) - 1.4 Irreversible injury & Cell death

Cell death

  • ๊ด€์ฐฐ : pyknosis(ํ•ต๋†์ถ•), karyorrhexis(ํ•ตํŒŒ๊ดด), karyolysis(ํ•ต์šฉํ•ด), absense of nucleus, cytoplasmic eosinophilia(๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์ด ๋งŽ์•„ ํ•‘ํฌ์ƒ‰์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์ž„)
  • cell death์˜ ๊ธฐ์ „
    1. hypoxia, ischemia(ํ—ˆํ˜ˆ), ์„ธํฌ๋ง‰ damage ํ˜ˆ์•ก ๊ณต๊ธ‰์ด ์ž˜ ์•ˆ ๋˜์–ด ์‚ฐ์†Œ๋‚˜ ์˜์–‘๋ฌผ์งˆ์ด ๊ณต๊ธ‰๋˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ , ๋Œ€์‚ฌ ์ฐŒ๊บผ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์•„ cell injury๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์ƒ. ์‚ฐ์†Œ๊ฐ€ ๋ถ€์กฑํ•˜๋ฉด ATP๋„ ๋ถ€์กฑํ•ด์ง. ๊ณ„์† ๋ฌด์‚ฐ์†Œ์„ฑ glycosis๊ฐ€ ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๋‹ˆ lactic acid๊ฐ€ ์Œ“์ž„. ์„ธํฌ์งˆ์˜ pH๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ์†Œํ•˜๊ณ  ATP ๋†๋„๊ฐ€ ๋–จ์–ด์ง. volume control์ด ๋–จ์–ด์ง€๊ณ  cell swelling์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒ.
    2. ์นผ์Š˜ ์ด์˜จ ๋ฐธ๋Ÿฐ์Šค์˜ ํŒŒ๊ดด ischemia๋กœ plasma membrane์˜ ์นผ์Š˜ ์ฑ„๋„์ด ์—ด๋ฆฌ๋ฉด, ์นผ์Š˜์ด ์„ธํฌ๋‚ด๋กœ ์œ ์ž…๋จ. ๋ฏธํ† ์ฝ˜๋“œ๋ฆฌ์•„์˜ permeability๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ์†Œํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ATP ์ƒ์„ฑ๋„ ๊ฐ์†Œ. ํ•ต๊ณผ ์„ธํฌ๋ง‰์— damage.
  • ischemia reperfusion injury(ํ—ˆํ˜ˆ ์žฌ๊ด€๋ฅ˜ ์†์ƒ) : ํ—ˆํ˜ˆ์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•œ ์กฐ์ง์— ํ˜ˆ๋ฅ˜๊ฐ€ ์žฌ๊ณต๊ธ‰๋˜๋Š” ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€ํ”ผํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ํ˜ˆ๊ด€ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ ์ €ํ•˜ ๋“ฑ์˜ ์†์ƒ. ๊ณผํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์‚ฐ์†Œ๊ฐ€ ๊ณต๊ธ‰๋˜๋ฉด์„œ oxidative stress๊ฐ€ ์ฃผ์–ด์ง.
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๋ณ‘๋ฆฌ1(A) - 1.4.1 Necrosis

์„ธํฌ๊ฐ€ swelling์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜์„œ ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ rupture๊ฐ€ ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜์„œ ์ฃฝ๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋Š” ํ˜•ํƒœ. ์—ผ์ฆ์„ ๋™๋ฐ˜ํ•œ๋‹ค.

์œก์•ˆ์  ํŠน์ง•

์„ธํฌํ•ต ๋†์ถ•, ์„ธํฌ ์†Œ๊ธฐ๊ด€๊ณผ ๋ง‰ ์—†์–ด์ง. unifocal ๋˜๋Š” multifocal. infarction(๊ฒฝ์ƒ‰)-ํ˜ˆ์•ก์ด ๊ฝ‰ ๋ง‰ํ˜€ ๊ดด์‚ฌ.

์กฐ์งํ•™์  ๋ณ€ํ™”

ํ•ต์ด condensation, fragmentation. cytoplasm์€ eosinophil.

Necrosis์˜ type

  1. Coagulative necrosis
  2. Caseous necrosis
  3. Liquefactive necrosis
  4. gangrenous necrosis
  5. epithelium necrosis
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๋ณ‘๋ฆฌ1(A) - 1.4.2 Apoptosis

  • cellular signaling์„ ํ†ตํ•ด cascade์— ์˜ํ•ด death๊ฐ€ ์ผ์–ด๋‚จ. ์—ผ์ฆ์„ ๋™๋ฐ˜ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Œ.

  • triggers

    • TNF๊ฐ€ cell surface DRs(death receptor)์™€ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ
    • ROS, toxin ์— ์˜ํ•œ stress, injury
    • DNA ์†์ƒ
    • ์˜์–‘ ๊ฒฐํ•(deprivation), growth factor๋‚˜ hormone์˜ withdrawal
    • CTL์ด๋‚˜ NK cell์— ์˜ํ•œ ๋ฉด์—ญ ๋งค๊ฐœ ๋ฐ˜์‘

Pathway

extrinsic pathway

  • caspase์˜ ํ™œ๋™์ด ๋™๋ฐ˜๋œ๋‹ค.
  • initiator caspases โ†’ effector caspase (caspase-3,6,7) โ†’ apoptosis ์ง„ํ–‰
  • DRs(death receptor)์™€ ligand์˜ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ์œผ๋กœ ์‹œ์ž‘ โ†’ cell surface์˜ trimerization ๊ณผ์ •์ด ์œ ๋„๋จ
  • TRADD+FADD โ†’ procaspase-8 ํ™œ์„ฑํ™” โ†’ caspase-8 ํ™œ์„ฑํ™” โ†’ effector caspase-8,7 ํ™œ์„ฑํ™” โ†’ apoptosis
  • FLIP ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ : procaspase-8์˜ bindingํ•˜์—ฌ extrinsic pathway๋ฅผ ๋ง‰๋Š”๋‹ค.
  • caspase-8์˜ ํ™œ์„ฑ์ด ๋ถ€์กฑํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, ๋ฏธํ† ์ฝ˜๋“œ๋ฆฌ์•„์— ์˜ํ•œ DR-mediated apoptosis๊ฐ€ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•œ๋‹ค.

Intrinsic pathway

  • cell surface DR์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋‹ค.
  • trigger : cell stressors or by DNA damage
  • trigger๊ฐ€ ์ž‘์šฉํ•˜๋ฉด PUMA๊ฐ€ activation๋œ๋‹ค.
  • ๋ฏธํ† ์ฝ˜๋“œ๋ฆฌ์•„์— ํˆฌ๊ณผ์„ฑ์„ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด intrinsic pathway์˜ ํ•ต์‹ฌ์ด๋‹ค: MOMP^[Mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization]
  • MOMP๊ฐ€ ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๋ฉด ๋ฏธํ† ์ฝ˜๋“œ๋ฆฌ์•„์— ์žˆ๋Š” cytochrome C๊ฐ€ cytosol๋กœ release๋œ๋‹ค. cytochrome C๋Š” caspase-activating complex๋ฅผ ํ˜•์„ฑํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜, apoptosome(caspase-9+Apaf-1^[apoptotic protease activating factor 1])์„ ์œ ๋„ํ•œ๋‹ค.

Execution phase of apoptosis

  • initiator caspases(2,8,9 or 10)๊ฐ€ effector caspases(3,6,7)๋ฅผ cleaveํ•˜๋ฉด apoptosis๊ฐ€ ์ง„ํ–‰๋˜์–ด aspartate ์ž”๊ธฐ ๋’ค์˜ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์„ ์ž๋ฅธ๋‹ค. โ†’ nucleus์˜ disintegration์ด๋‚˜ cytoskeleton์˜ disruption์„ ์ผ์œผํ‚จ๋‹ค.

Morphologic appearance

  • nucleus์˜ fragmentation์ด๋‚˜ condensation
  • membrane-bound apoptotic body ํ˜•์„ฑ
  • phagocytes๋ฅผ attractionํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ heterophagy๋ฅผ ์ผ์œผํ‚ด
  • ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ inflammation์€ ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜์ง€ ์•Š์Œ
  • ๊ฐ™์€ ์กฐ์ง์—์„œ apoptotic cell death์™€ necrotic cell death๋ฅผ ๋™์‹œ์— ๊ด€์ฐฐ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ
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๋ณ‘๋ฆฌ1(A) - 1.5 Irreversible chronic injury & Cell Adaptation

Cell Adaptation

  • ์ฃฝ์ง€ ์•Š์„ ์ •๋„์˜ ์†์ƒ์ด ๊ฐ€ํ•ด์ง€๋ฉด cell์€ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ โ€˜์ ์‘โ€™ํ•œ๋‹ค.

  • hypertrophy : cell size ์ปค์ง

  • hyperplasia : cell number ์ฆ๊ฐ€

  • metaplasia : cell type ๋ณ€ํ™”

  • dysplasia : ๋น„์ •์ƒ์  ๋ชจ์–‘

ํ‡ดํ–‰์„ฑ ๋ณ€ํ™”

  • atrophy : ์œ„์ถ•. cell size ๊ฐ์†Œ

  • accumulation : normal/abnormal substance ์ถ•์ 

  • autophagy : ์„ธํฌ๊ฐ€ ํ‡ดํ™”ํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ischemia ํ•˜๋Š” ์ค‘, growth factor๋‚˜ hormonal stimuli๊ฐ€ ์—†์–ด์ง์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์„ธํฌ๊ฐ€ ์ƒ์กดํ•˜๋Š” mechanism

  • ์ž๊ธฐ โ€˜์Šค์Šค๋กœโ€™ ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š” organelles, proteins ๋“ฑ์„ ์†Œํ™”ํ•œ๋‹ค.

  • heterophagy์™€๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฆ„

  • cell death๋ฅผ ์œ ๋ฐœ

  • macroautophagy, microautophagy, chaperone-assisted autophagy๋กœ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜ํ•จ

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๋ณ‘๋ฆฌ1(A) - 1.5.1 Adaptation

Hypertrophy

  • organelles๊ฐ€ ์ฆ์‹ํ•˜์—ฌ cell size ์ปค์ง

Hyperplasia

  • ์„ธํฌ๊ฐ€ ์ฆ์‹ํ•˜์—ฌ ์„ธํฌ number๊ฐ€ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•จ
  • principal cells์˜ ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•œ๋‹ค. (mitosis๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚จ)
  • epithelial cell์—์„œ ์ฃผ๋กœ ๊ด€์ฐฐ๋œ๋‹ค.
  • ์ž๊ทน์ด ์ค‘๋‹จ๋˜๋ฉด ๋‹ค์‹œ ์ •์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ์•„์˜จ๋‹ค.

Metaplasia

  • ์ด๋ฏธ ๋ถ„ํ™”๋œ ์„ธํฌ๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ cell type์œผ๋กœ ๋ณ€ํ•จ
  • squamous cell์—์„œ ๋งŒ์„ฑ ์—ผ์ฆ, ํ˜ธ๋ฅด๋ชฌ ๋ถˆ๊ท ํ˜•, ๋น„ํƒ€๋ฏผA ๋ถ€์กฑ, ์™ธ์ƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํšŒ๋ณต ๋ฐ˜์‘์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐœ์ƒ
  • ํ˜ธํก๊ธฐ ์ƒํ”ผ์—์„œ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, ciliated cell๊ณผ goblet cells์˜ loss๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜๋ฐ˜ํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋–„๋ฌธ์—, ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ ์ œ๋Œ€๋กœ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค.

Dysplasia

  • ๋น„์ •ํ˜•์  ์„ธํฌ. ์ƒํ”ผ์—์„œ ์ž˜ ๋ถ„ํ™”๋˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋ฏธ์„ฑ์ˆ™ํ•œ ์„ธํฌ์˜ ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•จ. ์‹ ์ƒ๋ฌผ ํ˜•์„ฑ์˜ ์ „์กฐ๊ฐ€ ๋œ๋‹ค.
  • ๋น„์ •ํ˜•์  ์„ฑ์งˆ์„ ๊ฐ–๋Š”๋‹ค: ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ size(anisocytosis), shape(poikilocytosis), hyperchromatic nuclei์˜ ํ˜•์„ฑ, ํ•ต๋น„๋Œ€(karyomegaly)

Atrophy

  • cell size๋‚˜ number๊ฐ€ ์ค„์–ด๋“ค์–ด, tissue๋‚˜ organ์˜ mass๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ์†Œ.
  • hypoplasia์™€ ๋‹ค๋ฅด๋‹ค: ์„ฑ์žฅ(๋ฐœ์ƒ)์ด ์ œ๋Œ€๋กœ ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์•„ ์ •์ƒ๋ณด๋‹ค organ์ด ์ž‘์€ ๊ฒƒ. / atrophy๋Š” ์ •์ƒ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ์ค„์–ด๋“  ๊ฒƒ.
  • ์›์ธ: ์˜์–‘ ๊ฒฐํ• ๋˜๋Š” ํ˜ธ๋ฅด๋ชฌ ์ž๊ทน์˜ ์‚ฌ๋ผ์ง, disuse, ๋ณ€์„ฑ(์ฃผ๋กœ skeletal), ์••์ถ•(์‹ ์ƒ๋ฌผ์ด ์˜†์— ์ƒ๊ฒจ ๊ณ„์† ๋ฐ€๋ ค ์ค„์–ด๋“œ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ)
  • ์„ธํฌ ๋ถ„ํ™” ํ™œ๋™์ด ๊ฑฐ์˜ ์—†๋‹ค, mitochondria์™€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ organelles์˜ ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์ ๋‹ค.
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๋ณ‘๋ฆฌ1(A) - 1.5.2 Intracellular accumulation

Lipids

  • lipidosis : parenchymal cells์— lipid๊ฐ€ ์Œ“์ด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ
  • hepatic lipidosis : ๊ฐ„์—์„œ ์ง€๋ฐฉ ์ถ•์ ์ด ๋งŽ์ด ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚จ
    • ์›์ธ : free fatty acid์˜ ์ฆ๊ฐ€, ๋น„์ •์ƒ์  ๊ฐ„์„ธํฌ ๋Œ€์‚ฌ, ์ง€์งˆ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์˜ impaired release
    • ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ : swollen, yellowed liver

Glycogen

  • hepatocytes๋‚˜ skeletal, muscle cell์— ์ฃผ๋กœ ์ถ•์ ๋œ๋‹ค.
  • hyperadrenocorticism(๋ถ€์‹ ํ”ผ์งˆํ•ญ์ง„์ฆ) : ๋ถ€ํ’€๊ณ , ์—ฐํ•œ ๊ฐˆ์ƒ‰, ์–ผ๋ฃฉ๋œ๋ฃฉ
  • lipidosis์—์„œ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋Š” vacuoles์— ๋น„ํ•ด ๋œ sharplyํ•˜๊ณ  ๋” ๋ถˆ๊ทœ์น™์ 

Proteins

  • amyloidosis : protein์ด misfoldingํ•˜์—ฌ insolubleํ•œ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋กœ ์„ธํฌ ๋ฐ”๊นฅ์— ์ถ•์ ๋จ
  • amyloidosis์˜ mechanism
    1. misfoled ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์ด ์ž๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ฃผํ˜• ์‚ผ์•„ ๋ณต์ œ
    2. ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์ด ์ œ๊ฑฐ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์•„, misfolded ์ „๊ตฌ์ฒด ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์ด ์นจ์œค
    3. ์œ ์ „์  ๋ณ€์ด๊ฐ€ misfolding์„ ์ด‰์ง„
    4. ๋น„์ •์ƒ์ ์ธ ํ•ฉ์„ฑ์„ธํฌ๋กœ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์ด ๊ณผ๋„ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ƒ์„ฑ
    5. ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ ์ฆ์‹ ๋˜๋Š” ์ œ๊ฑฐ์— ๊ด€์—ฌํ•˜๋Š” chaperoning molecule์˜ loss
  • ์ „๊ตฌ์ฒด ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ : AL, AA

Exogenous

  • carbon โ†’ anthracosis(ํƒ„๋ถ„์ฆ)
  • tetracycline
  • melanin โ†’ melanosis
  • lipofuscin
  • ceroid : lipofuscin๊ณผ ๋น„์Šท
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๋ณ‘๋ฆฌ1(A) - 1.5.3 Hematogenous pigments

Hemoglobin

  • ์‚ฐ์†Œ์™€ bindingํ•ด์„œ ํ˜ˆ์•ก์— ์‚ฐ์†Œ๋ฅผ ๊ณต๊ธ‰
  • ์‚ฐ์†Œ ๊ณต๊ธ‰์ด ์ž˜ ๋˜๋Š” ์กฐ์ง(๋™๋งฅ)์€ ์„ ํ™์ƒ‰, ์‚ฐ์†Œ ๊ณต๊ธ‰์ด ๋ถ€์กฑํ•œ ์กฐ์ง(์ •๋งฅ)์€ ํŒŒ๋ž€์ƒ‰
  • ์ €์‚ฐ์†Œ์ฆ(hypoxia)์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ์กฐ์ง์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์˜ ๋ณด๋ผ์ƒ‰์— ๊ฐ€๊น๊ฒŒ ๋ณ€์ƒ‰ โ†’ โ€œ์ฒญ์ƒ‰์ฆ(cyanosis)โ€œ

Hematin

  • ํ—ค๋ชจ๊ธ€๋กœ๋นˆ์˜ oxidation์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ƒ์„ฑ, ์ฒ ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง, ์ง™์€ ๊ฐˆ์ƒ‰
  • acid form๊ณผ parasitic form์ด ์กด์žฌ
    • acid : pH 6.0 ์ดํ•˜๋กœ ๋‚ด๋ ค๊ฐ€๋ฉด ์ ํ˜ˆ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ฒ€์ •์ƒ‰์œผ๋กœ ๊ด€์ฐฐ. ๋ณ‘๋ณ€์ด ์•„๋‹˜.
    • parasitic : ๊ฐ„ํก์ถฉ(juvenile liver flukes) ๊ฒฝ๋กœ ์ฃผ๋ณ€์ด ์ง„ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ณด์ž„.

Hemosiderin

  • ferritin์ด free iron์„ ๋ถ™์žก์•„์„œ ์ €์žฅํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ํ˜•์„ฑ๋จ.
  • golden brown ํ˜•ํƒœ์˜ ๊ณผ๋ฆฝ์œผ๋กœ, macrophage์— ๋งŽ์ด ์กด์žฌํ•จ.
  • macrophage์— hemosiderin์ด ๋งŽ๋‹ค? โ†’ ๋งŒ์„ฑ ์ถฉํ˜ˆ(chronic passive congestion)
  • ๊ฐ„์ด pinkyํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๊ด€์ฐฐ๋˜์–ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ, brownishํ•˜๋ฉด ์ฒ  ๊ด€๋ จ ์ƒ‰์†Œ์˜ ์นจ์œค์„ ์˜์‹ฌ

Hematoidin

  • hemosiderin๊ณผ ๋น„์Šทํ•˜๋‚˜ ์ฒ ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€์ง€ ์•Š์Œ.
  • macrophage์— ์ฃผ๋กœ ์กด์žฌ, hemorrhage ์žˆ๋Š” ์กฐ์ง์—์„œ ๊ด€์ฐฐ, ๋…ธ๋ž€์ƒ‰/๊ฐˆ์ƒ‰.

Bilirubin

  • Heme -(Heme oxygenase)โ†’ Biliverdin -(Biliverdin reductase)โ†’ Bilirubin
  • albumin-bilirubin complex๋Š” bile์˜ ์ผ๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ๋จ.
  • ํ˜ˆ์žฅ์˜ bilirubin level์ด ๋†’์•„์ง€๋ฉด ํ™ฉ๋‹ฌ(icterus; jaundice).

Porphyria

  • ์ ํ˜ˆ๊ตฌ์˜ heme synthesis ์žฅ์• ๋กœ ์ธํ•จ.
  • ์†ก์•„์ง€, ๊ณ ์–‘์ด, ๋ผ์ง€์—์„œ ์„ ์ฒœ์ ์œผ๋กœ enzyme deficiency์— ์˜ํ•ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œ(congenital erythropoietic porphyrias)
  • dentin์ด๋‚˜ bone์ด pinkํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ณ€์ƒ‰
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