Benign vs. Malignant Tumors

  • benign : ํŒฝ์ฐฝ(expansile), ์ฃผ๋ณ€ ์กฐ์ง์„ ๋ˆ„๋ฆ„, ๋ช…ํ™•ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„๋จ
  • malignant : ์ „์ด(invasive), ๋ช…ํ™•ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Œ(diffuse)
    • ๊ณ„์† ๋ณต์ œ๋จ (unlimited replicative potential)
    • exogenous ์„ฑ์žฅ ์ž๊ทน ์ธ์ž์™€๋Š” ๋ณ„๋„๋กœ ์„ฑ์žฅ, ์„ฑ์žฅ ์–ต์ œ ์‹ ํ˜ธ์—๋Š” insensitive
    • benign cell์— ๋น„ํ•ด apoptotic cell death๋„ ๋œํ•จ
    • marked angiogenesis๋ฅผ ์ž๊ทนํ•ด ํ˜ˆ๊ด€ ์ „์ด๋ฅผ ์ด‰์ง„
ํŠน์„ฑBenignMalignant
Differentiationwell-differentiated morphologic (๋ช…ํ™•)poorly differentiated (๋ช…ํ™•ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Œ, diffuse)
origin๊ณผ ๋น„์Šทํ•œ ์กฐ์ง ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋•Œ๋กœ origin์ด ๋ถˆ๋ช…ํ™•
anaplasia(ํ‡ดํ™”) ๊ฑฐ์˜ ์—†์Œ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๋‹จ๊ณ„์˜ anaplasia
Growth rate๋А๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ ์ง„์ ๋น ๋ฅธ ์„ฑ์žฅ
mitotic figure๋“œ๋ฌผ๊ณ , ์ •์ƒ๋นˆ๋ฒˆํ•˜๊ณ , ๋น„์ •์ƒ
necrosis๊ฑฐ์˜ ์—†์Œํ˜ˆ์•ก ๊ณต๊ธ‰ ์ €ํ•˜ ์‹œ ๋ฐœ์ƒ
Local invasion์žˆ๋Š” ์ž๋ฆฌ์—์„œ ์‘์ง‘, ํŒฝ์ฐฝ์„ฑ์ฃผ๋ณ€์œผ๋กœ ์ „์ด
capsule ์žˆ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œ (๊ฒฝ๊ณ„ ๋ช…ํ™•)capsule ์—†๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋ถˆ๋ช…ํ™•
Metastasis์—†์Œ์ข…์ข… ์žˆ์Œ

Differentiation

(tumor ์ƒ๊ธธ ์‹œ ํ˜•ํƒœ๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋ณ€ํ•˜๋Š”๊ฐ€)

Morphology

  • ์ž˜ ๊ตฌ๋ณ„๋œ ์›๋ž˜์˜ ๋ชจ์–‘์„ ์žƒ๊ณ  ํํŠธ๋Ÿฌ์ง„ ๋ชจ์–‘ , ์ •์ƒ ์„ธํฌ์— ๋น„ํ•ด morphologic variability๊ฐ€ ํผ

  • ๋งค์šฐ ํฐ nuclei(karyomegaly)๊ฐ€ ๊ด€์ฐฐ๋˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜, nuclear size ๋‹ค์–‘(anisokaryosis), shape์™€ chromatin ๋ถ„ํฌ ํŒจํ„ด์ด ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜, multiple nuclei๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•จ

  • ๋น ๋ฅธ ์„ธํฌ ์„ฑ์žฅ๊ณผ ๋ถ„์—ด์„ ํ•˜๋ ค๋ฉด ribosome์ด ๋งŽ์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ํ˜ธ์—ผ๊ธฐ์„ฑ์„ ๋ฐ(basophilic cytoplasm)

  • ์ •์ƒ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ์ ์  ์žƒ์Œ, continual renewal์„ ๊ฑฐ์น˜๋‹ค ๋ณด๋ฉด normal maturation sequence๊ฐ€ ๋ณ€ํ˜•๋˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•จ

  • ์•…์„ฑ ์ข…์–‘์€ ์–‘์„ฑ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋œ ๊ตฌ๋ณ„๋จ(less differentiated)

  • ํŠนํžˆ ์•…์„ฑ ์ข…์–‘์—์„œ anaplasia(์—ญ๋ถ„ํ™”), atypia(์ดํ˜•์„ฑ) ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚จ

    • anaplastic cell : poorly differentiated, cell size ๋‹ค์–‘(anisocytosis), cell shape ๋‹ค์–‘(pleomorphism)
    • anaplastic nuclei : ์žฆ์€ ๋ถ„ํ™”๋กœ ์—ผ์ƒ‰์ฒด๊ฐ€ ์‘์ถ•๋˜์–ด darkly staining(hyperchromatic), ์„ธํฌ์งˆ์— ๋น„ํ•ด ํ•ต์ด ์œ ๋‚œํžˆ ํผ (์™ผ) ํ™”์‚ดํ‘œ : giant cell, ํ™”์‚ดํ‘œ head : ์—„์ฒญ ํฐ ํ•ต / (์˜ค) ํ™”์‚ดํ‘œ : mitotic figures(giant) (์™ผ) Hyperplasia / (์˜ค) Sarcoma

Function

  • ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์˜ loss๋Š” ๋ชจ์–‘(differentiation)์˜ loss์™€ ์ž์ฃผ ๋™๋ฐ˜๋จ
    • ex) ์†Œ์žฅ ์ƒํ”ผ์˜ neoplastic cells๋Š” microvilli๊ฐ€ ์—†๋‹ค โ†’ ํก์ˆ˜ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ๋„ ์—†์Œ
  • ์ข…์ข… normal function์ด ์œ ์ง€๋˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•จ
    • ex) thyroid adenoma๊ฐ€ ๊ณ„์† ๊ฐ‘์ƒ์ƒ˜ ํ˜ธ๋ฅด๋ชฌ ์ƒ์„ฑ, plasma cell tumor๊ฐ€ immunoglobulin ๋ถ„๋น„
  • ๋ณดํ†ต ์ •์ƒ์ ์ธ regulatory pathway์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ฐ˜์‘์„ฑ์„ ์žƒ์–ด ์ ์ ˆํžˆ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•จ

Proliferation

Tumor growth

  • unlimited proliferative potential
  • ๋งŽ์€ ์ข…์–‘์„ธํฌ๋Š” immortal
  • ์™ธ๋ถ€ ์„ฑ์žฅ ์ž๊ทน/์–ต์ œ ์ธ์ž์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅX, apoptotic signal์„ ๋“ฃ์ง€X โ†’ cell division์˜ ํ•œ๊ณ„ ๋„˜์–ด ๋ถ„์—ด

Cell division

  • cell cycle์€ G1, S, G2, M^[๊ฐ๊ฐ G0: presynthetic, S: synthetic, G2: premitotic, M: mitotic] phase๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ.
  • Quiescent cells๋Š” G0์— ๋จธ๋ฌผ๋ฉด์„œ cell cycle์— ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ€์ง€ ์•Š์Œ (์™ธ๋ถ€ ์ธ์ž์˜ ์ž๊ทน ์—†๋Š” ์ด์ƒ)
  • DNA damage๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋ฉด, ์ •์ƒ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„์—ดํ•˜๋Š” ์„ธํฌ๋“ค๋„ cell cycle arrest๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ์นจ (cell cycle checkpoints๋“ค์ด ์žˆ์Œ) โ†’ cell cycle arrest๋Š” p53^[multifunctional tumor suppressor gene product]์— ์˜ํ•ด ๊ฐœ์‹œ๋˜๋ฉฐ, ์„ธํฌ์—๊ฒŒ DNA damage๋ฅผ ๋ณต๊ตฌํ•  ์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ์คŒ
  • neoplastic cells์€ G0์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด๋‚ด๋Š” ์‹ ํ˜ธ์— ๋ฐ˜์‘X, p53 ๋ฐœํ˜„X โ†’ ๊ณ„์† cell cycle โ†’ DNA damage ์ดํ›„ cell cycle arrest๋ฅผ ๊ฒช์ง€ ์•Š์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ, ์ ์  mutagenic DNA damage๊ฐ€ ์ถ•์ ๋จ
  • mitotic index
    • ์‘์ถ•๋œ ์—ผ์ƒ‰์ฒด์™€ ํ•ต๋ง‰ ์†Œ์‹ค์ด ๊ด€์ฐฐ
    • ์„ธํฌ๋ถ„์—ด์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ง€ํ‘œ๋กœ, ์ข…์–‘์˜ malignant potential์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋ƒ„
    • ์„ธํฌ๋ถ„์—ด์„ ๋ฉˆ์ถœ ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š” cancer cells์—์„œ mitotic figures๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚จ (abnormal figures๋„ ๊ด€์ฐฐ)
  • ์ •์ƒ ์„ธํฌ๋Š” ๋Š์ž„์—†์ด ์ฃผ๋ณ€ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ๊ณผ ๋Œ€ํ™”ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ํ•ญ์ƒ์„ฑ์„ ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด, neoplastic cells๋Š” ์„ฑ์žฅ ์ž๊ทน ๋ฌผ์งˆ๋„, ์„ฑ์žฅ ์–ต์ œ ์‹ ํ˜ธ๋„ ๋ฐ›์ง€ X โ†’ ์ฃผ๋ณ€ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์— ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•ด์ฃผ์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ , ๊ณ„์† ๋ณต์ œ๋งŒ ํ•จ
  • ํ™”์‚ดํ‘œ: mitotic figures / high mitotic index๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง

Cell death

Senescence(๋…ธํ™”)

  • DNA damage, oxidative stress, telomere shortening ๋“ฑ์— ์˜ํ•ด ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚จ. (์‹ ํ˜ธ: p53 ํ™œ์„ฑํ™”, retinoblastoma pathway)
  • DNA template์˜ ๋ง๋‹จ์— ์žˆ๋Š” telomere๋Š” ๋ณต์ œ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—, ์„ธํฌ ๋ถ„์—ด ๋•Œ๋งˆ๋‹ค ์งง์•„์ง. telomere๊ฐ€ ๊ทนํžˆ ์งง์•„์ง€๋ฉด ๋” ์ด์ƒ ๋ถ„์—ดํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†์Œ(โ‡’senescence) ^[์˜ˆ์™ธ: telomerase๋ฅผ ๋ฐœํ˜„ํ•˜๋Š” embryonic cell ๋•Œ๋งŒ telomere๊ฐ€ ๊ณ„์† ๋ณต์ œ๋จ]
  • neoplastic cells๋Š” telomerase๋ฅผ ์ƒ์‚ฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œ โ†’ ์„ธํฌ ๋…ธํ™”๋ฅผ ๊ฒช์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  immortality ํš๋“

Apoptosis(์„ธํฌ์ž์‚ด) (โ€œprogrammed cell deathโ€)

  • hypoxia, essential nutrients์˜ ๋ถ€์กฑ์€ apoptosis๋กœ ์ด์–ด์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œ. DNA damage๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋ฉด p53์— ์˜ํ•ด apoptosis ์•ผ๊ธฐ. cytotoxic immune cells(T๋ฆผํ”„๊ตฌ, NK cell)๊ฐ€ apoptosis๋ฅผ ์ž๊ทน
  • ์—ผ์ƒ‰์ฒด์˜ margination, ํ•ต์˜ condensation๊ณผ fragmentation, organelles๋ฅผ ๋ณด์กดํ•˜๋Š” cell condensation ๋“ฑ์€ apoptosis์˜ morphologic hallmarks๊ฐ€ ๋จ
  • ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ์„ธํฌ๋Š” membrane-bound apoptotic bodies๋กœ ์ชผ๊ฐœ์ ธ์„œ surrounding cells์—๊ฒŒ ์žก์•„๋จนํž˜. ์ด๋•Œ ์—ผ์ฆ ๋ฐ˜์‘์€ ์ž๊ทนํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Œ.
  • ์ •์ƒ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ชจ๋“  ์„ธํฌ๋Š” apoptosis๋ฅผ ๊ฒช์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ์•”์„ธํฌ๋Š” ์ €ํ•ญ์„ฑ์ด ์žˆ์Œ.
    • p53 gene inactivation, survival signal ํ™œ์„ฑํ™”, death factor ์‹ ํ˜ธ์ „๋‹ฌ ์–ต์ œ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด apoptosis๋ฅผ ์šฐํšŒํ•จ

Autophagy(์ž๊ฐ€ํฌ์‹)

  • degeneration of a cellโ€™s own organelles within autophagosomes
  • ์˜์–‘์†Œ ๊ฒฐํ• ์‹œ cell survival์˜ ๊ธฐ์ „์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋‚˜, ๊ด‘๋ฒ”์œ„ํ•œ autophagy๋Š” apoptosis ์œ ๋„
  • ๋ณดํ†ต tumor cell์—์„œ autophagy๋Š” ์–ต์ œ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์Œ
  • mTOR inhibitor๋Š” autophagy๋ฅผ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์‹œ์ผœ ์•” ์น˜๋ฃŒ์ œ๋กœ์„œ์˜ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง.
    • mammalian target of rapamycin(mTOR) kinase : autophagy๋ฅผ ์–ต์ œ