• ๊ธ‰์„ฑ, ์ „์—ผ์„ฑ Gallid Herpesvirus type 1 (GaHV-1)
  • ๊ธฐ์นจํ•  ๋•Œ ํ”ผ ํ† ํ•จ, ํ˜ˆ์•ก ์žˆ๋Š” ์ ์•ก
  • severe dyspnea. bloody mucus and conjunctivitis
  • high mortality (์ตœ๋Œ€ 50%)
  • lifelong disease : ํšŒ๋ณต๋œ ์ดํ›„์—๋„ carrier๊ฐ€ ๋จ, ์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์Šค ๋ฐ›์œผ๋ฉด ๋‹ค์‹œ ๋ฐœ๋ณ‘
  • worldwide, ์„ฑ๊ณ„์—์„œ ์ฃผ๋กœ ๋ฐœ์ƒ, live-vaccine์œผ๋กœ ํ†ต์ œ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ

[1] Etiology

๋ถ„๋ฅ˜

Family Herpesviridae

  • Subfamily Alpha Herpesvirinae
    • Genus Iltovirus (Gallid Herpesvirus type 1 (GaHV-1))
      • linear dsDNA : ๋ณ€์ด ์–ด๋ ค์›€
      • lipid layers (disinfectant์†Œ๋…์ œ์— sensitive)
  • only 1 immunogenic strain : ๋ณ€์ด๋Š” ์ ์ง€๋งŒ, ๋ณ‘์›์„ฑ์€ ๋†’์Œ
  • ๊ณ„๋Œ€๋ฅผ ํ• ์ˆ˜๋ก ๋ณ‘์›์„ฑ์ด ๋†’์•„์ง

ํŠน์„ฑ

  • glycoprotein, capsid, envelope, ๋น„์ •ํ˜•์˜ dsDNA
  • envelope
    • glycoprotein
      • attachment : glycoprotein L, D, B
  • tegument : nucleocapsid๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์‹ธ๋Š” ๋น„์ •ํ˜•์˜ ๋ง‰
  • nucleocapsid : icosahedral(์ •์ด์‹ญ๋ฉด์ฒด) ๋Œ€์นญ
  • virus
    • unique long : 65๊ฐœ
    • unique short : 8๊ฐœ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ
  • genome
    • double stranded genome, overlapping reading frame
    • 2๊ฐœ ์„น์…˜(covalently joined) : UL(unique long) & US(unique short)
    • multiple repeated sequence๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง
  • mRNA : gene expression regulation
    • alpha : immediate early / ๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค ์ „์‚ฌ์˜ ์กฐ์ ˆ
    • beta : delayed early / non-structural ์กฐ์ ˆ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ, minor ๊ตฌ์กฐ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ
    • gamma : late = major ๊ตฌ์กฐ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ

๋ณต์ œ

  • HSV-1์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด 10๊ฐœ์˜ ORF(open reading frame) ํ™•์ธ : gB, gC, .. BCDE GHI KLM
  • fusion : gB and gD
  • attachment : gB, gC
  • replication์€ ํ•ต

Strain classification

  • ILTV strain์€ ๋‹ญ, ๋‹ญ ๋ฐฐ์•„, ์„ธํฌ ๋ฐฐ์–‘, ๋ฐœ์œก๋ž€์˜ CAMs(Chorioallantoic Membrane)์— virulence๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•จ
  • wild type๊ณผ live-vaccine virus์˜ ๊ตฌ๋ณ„
    • chicken embryo์˜ virulence ๋ถ„์„
    • PCR-RFLP : viral DNA์˜ restruction endonuclease ๋ถ„์„
    • DNA hybridization assays
    • gene sequencing

Laboratory Host System

  • embryo : CAM(chorioallantoic membrane
  • cell cultures : CEL, CEK, CK cells

[2] Pathogenesis

์ฆ์ƒ

1) Epizootic form (severe form)

  • marked dyspnea(ํ˜ธํก์žฅ์• ), ํ˜ธํก ์ค‘์— ๋จธ๋ฆฌ์™€ ๋ชฉ์„ ๊ธธ๊ฒŒ ๋บŒ(extensino of neck)
  • expectoration(๊ฐ์ถœ) of blood stained mucus(ํ”ผ ์„ž์ธ ์ ์•ก)
  • watery eyes, conjunctivitis(๊ฒฐ๋ง‰์—ผ)
  • depression, ํ”ผํ† ํ•จ, gasping, ๊ธฐ์นจ, ๊ฐํ˜ˆ, ์น˜๋ช…๋ฅ  ๋†’์Œ
  • ๋‹น์—ฐํžˆ ์‹์š•๋„ ๋–จ์–ด์ง (anorectic, inactive)
  • mortality๋Š” ๋ฒ”์œ„๊ฐ€ ๋„“์ง€๋งŒ, ์„ฑ๊ณ„์—์„œ๋Š” 50% ์ •๋„์ž„

2) Mild form

  • ํ˜ธํก๊ธฐ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ฌธ์ œX
  • ์ฆ์ƒ์ด ์‹ฌํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ์ „ํŒŒ๋ ฅ๋„ ๋‚ฎ์Œ
  • ๊ฒฐ๋ง‰ ๋ฌธ์ œ, ๋ˆˆ๋ณ‘ ์‹ฌํ•จ : ๊ฐ€๋ฒผ์šด ๊ธฐ์นจ, ๊ฐ€๋ฒผ์šด ์ˆ˜ํฌ์Œ, ์ถ•์ถ•ํ•œ ๋ˆˆ, ๋ˆˆ๊บผํ’€ ๋ถ€์Œ, ๊ฒฐ๋ง‰์—ผ

๋ถ€๊ฒ€ ์†Œ๊ฒฌ

  • larynx์™€ trachea์—์„œ ๊ด€์ฐฐ
  • severe form : ๊ธฐ๊ด€์—์„œ ์ถœํ˜ˆ์„ฑ ์‚ผ์ถœ๋ฌผ(bloody, caseous exudate^[diphtheritic or hemorrhage cast])
  • mild form : ๊ฐ€๋ฒผ์šด ๊ฒฐ๋ง‰์—ผ(conjunctivitis) ๋ถ€๋น„๋™์—ผ(sinusitis)

์ „ํŒŒ

  • chicken (ํŠนํžˆ ์„ฑ๊ณ„)
  • natural portals of entry : ์ƒ๋ถ€ํ˜ธํก๊ธฐ, ocular routes
  • horizontal transmission
    • ํ˜ธํก๊ธฐ ๊ฐ์—ผ (larynx, trachea)
    • mechanical transmission โ† ์˜ค์—ผ๋œ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ๊ณผ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ
  • ์ˆœํ™˜ ์ถœํ˜„(cyclic appearance) : ์ง‘๋‹จ ๋‚ด ๊พธ์ค€ํžˆ ์ž ๋ณต, latentํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์กด์žฌํ•จ
  • ์ˆ˜์ง ๊ฐ์—ผ์€ ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์Œ
  • laterally spread, ๋น„๊ต์  ๋œ ๋น ๋ฅธ ์ „ํŒŒ
  • ์ž ๋ณต๊ธฐ(incubation period) : 6-12์ผ
  • ๊ฐ์—ผ
    • nasal, oral, conjunctival ๋˜๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฃจํŠธ๋กœ ๊ฐ์—ผ๋œ๋‹ค.
    • virus replication์˜ main site : trachea์™€ larynx์˜ epithelium
    • Trigeminal ganglia(TRG, ์‚ผ์ฐจ์‹ ๊ฒฝ์ ˆ) : ILTV์˜ ์ฃผ์š” ์ž ๋ณต ์žฅ์†Œ

[3] ์ง„๋‹จ, ์น˜๋ฃŒ, ์˜ˆ๋ฐฉ

์ง„๋‹จ

  • ์‹ฌ๊ฐํ•ด์ง€๊ธฐ ์ „์—, ํ”ผ๋ฅผ ํ† ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์ „์— ์ง„๋‹จํ•ด์•ผ ๋งž๋‹ค
  • ๊ฒฐ๋ก ์€ PCR!!
  • CPE : ๊ฑฐ๋Œ€ syncytial cell, intranuclear inclusion bodies
  • PCR, ๊ธฐ๊ด€ ์ƒํ”ผ ~, IFA/FA, IP, RFLR, VN, ELISA, AGID ๋‹ค ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ
  • HI test๋Š” ์—†์Œ

๋ฐฑ์‹ 

  • humoral immune response๋Š” ํšจ๊ณผ ์—†์Œ
  • ๋ชจ์ฒด์ดํ–‰ํ•ญ์ฒด : ๋ณดํ˜ธ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ ์—…์† ๋ฐฑ์‹ ์„ ๋ฐฉํ•ดํ•จ
  • inactivated vaccine์€ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค.
  • Modified live-virus vaccines (MLV-vaccines)
    • TCO (Tissue culture origin)
    • CEO (Chicken embryo origin)
    • eye drop์ด ์ œ์ผ ์ข‹์€ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•, spray๋„ ์ข‹์Œ