• family ? (Togaviridae, Flaviviridae, ์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท์—์„œ๋„ ๋‹ค๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜์˜ด)
    • genus Flavivirus : formerly group B arboviruses(๊ณค์ถฉ๋งค๊ฐœ ๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค)
  • mosquitoes, ticks์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ „ํŒŒ๋จ
  • ๋ฐœ์—ด์—์„œ ์‹œ์ž‘, ๋‡Œ์—ผ(encephalitides)์ด๋‚˜ ์ถœํ˜ˆ์„ฑ ์งˆ๋ณ‘(hemorrhagic fevers)์œผ๋กœ ์ง„ํ–‰

๋ชจ๊ธฐ์— ์˜ํ•œ ์ „ํŒŒ

  • West Nile Fever (by Culex mosquitoes)
  • Dengue Fever (by Aedes mosquitoes)
  • Yellow Fever (by Aedes mosquitoes)
  • Japanese Encephalitis (by Culex mosquitoes)
  • Zika virus (by Aedes mosquitoes)

๊ธฐํƒ€ arbovirus zoonoses

  • Flavivirus
    • St. Louis Encephalitis
    • Murray Valley Encephalitis
      • ๋ชจ๊ธฐ | ํ˜ธ์ฃผ
    • Louping ill
      • ์ง„๋“œ๊ธฐ(ixodes) | ๋‡Œ๋ง‰์—ผ | ์˜๊ตญ, ์•„์ผ๋žœ๋“œ
    • Tick born encephalitis
      • ์ง„๋“œ๊ธฐ(ioxides) | ๋ฐœ์—ด, ๋‡Œ์—ผ | ์œ ๋Ÿฝ, ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„, ์ธ๋„, ์ผ๋ณธ, ๋ถ๋ฏธ

West Nile Fever

WNV ํŠน์ง•

  • Flaviviridae์— ์˜ํ•œ arbovirus(์ ˆ์กฑ๋™๋ฌผ๋งค๊ฐœ)
  • ๋ชจ๊ธฐ์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ „ํŒŒ
  • ์กฐ๋ฅ˜์—์„œ ์น˜๋ช…์ , fatal disease, ํ์‚ฌ๊นŒ์ง€๋„ ๊ฐ
  • ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜๋ผ ๋ฒ•์ •๊ฐ์—ผ๋ณ‘ ์ œ34๊ตฐ
  • ๋ฌด์ฆ์ƒ์ด 80%
  • ์ค‘์ฆ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์‹ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„ ์ฆ์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ๋ง๊นŒ์ง€ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ
  • Etiology : West Nile Virus (WNV)
    • ๋ชจ๊ธฐ์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ „ํŒŒ (by mosquitoes)
    • fatal disease in birds
  • Occurence
    • ๋‚˜์ผ๊ฐ• ์„œ์ชฝ ๋ถ€๊ทผ (Uganda, Egypt, Congo, S. Africa, India..)
    • 1996 Romania โ†’ 1999 eastern US
    • Evidence of animal infection : birds, mosquitoes(Culex), horses
      • ๊นŒ๋งˆ๊ท€๋‚˜ ์กฐ๋ฅ˜์˜ ํ˜ˆ์ค‘์—์„œ ๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค ํ™•์ธ
      • ๋ชจ๊ธฐ์™€ ์กฐ๋ฅ˜์—์„œ viremic ์ƒํƒœ ์˜ค๋ž˜ ์ง€์†
      • ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด๋‚˜ ๋ง์€ ์ด ์งˆ๋ณ‘์„ ์ „ํŒŒํ•˜๋Š” ์ˆ™์ฃผ๋Š” ์•„๋‹˜. viremic ์ƒํƒœ๋„ ์งง๊ฒŒ ์ง€์†.
  • Transmission
    • by Culex univittatus (ornithophile mosquito)
    • attacks birds, humans ๋‘˜ ๋‹ค
  • Clinical manifestation
    • children : ๊ฒฝ๋ฏธํ•œ ์ฆ์ƒ, Adults : ์‹ฌ๊ฐํ•œ ์ฆ์ƒ, meningoencephalitis(์ˆ˜๋ง‰๋‡Œ์—ผ)
    • ๋…ธ์ธ์ธต์˜ 25%๊ฐ€ ์‹ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„์ฆ์ƒ
    • ์‚ฌ๋ง๋ฅ  10%
    • ์†Œ, ๋ง, ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํฌ์œ ๋ฅ˜ ๋“ฑ์—์„œ encephalitis(๋‡Œ์—ผ) / ์กฐ๋ฅ˜(๊นŒ๋งˆ๊ท€crows), ์•…์–ด์—์„œ ์‹ฌ๊ฐํ•œ ๊ฐ์—ผ ๊นŒ๋งˆ๊ท€์—์„œ ์ž ๋ณต๊ฐ์—ผ ์•„๋‹˜
  • Diagnosis
    • immunoassay (๋ฏผ๊ฐ๋„ ๋†’์Œ)
    • RT-PCR (ํŠน์ด๋„ ๋†’์Œ)
    • ELISA
  • Prophylaxis
    • Vaccine์ด ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ข‹์€ ์˜ˆ๋ฐฉ
      • ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์—์„œ not in use / horse์—์„œ๋Š” ์‚ฌ์šฉ
    • avoid mosquitoes

Dengue Fever

  • most important, most frequent mosquito-transmitted virus infection
  • Etiology : serotypes of DEN-1 ~ DEN-4
  • Occurence
    • ์ฃผ๋กœ ์ ๋„ ๋ถ€๊ทผ
    • ๋ชจ๋“  ๋Œ€๋ฅ™ except Europe, Antarctica
    • ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜๋ผ์—์„œ ์ง€์† ๋ฐœ์ƒํ–ˆ์œผ๋‚˜, ์ฝ”๋กœ๋‚˜ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„ ํ™˜์ž ๊ธ‰๊ฐ. ์‚ฌ๋ง ์‚ฌ๋ก€๋Š” ์—†๊ณ , 100% ํ•ด์™ธ ์œ ์ž… DSS์™€ DHF, foreign ์œ ์ž…
  • Transmission
    • virus๋Š” ๋ชจ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์ฆ์‹
    • ๋ชจ๊ธฐ์˜ saliva gland๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์œผ๋กœ ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ
    • ์‚ฌ๋žŒ โ†’ ๋ชจ๊ธฐ๋กœ ๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค ์ด๋™ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ „ํŒŒ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ
  • Clinical manifestation
    • DHF(Dengue hemorrhagic fever), DSS(Dengue shock syndrome)
    • high fever, hemorrhage, shock, hepatomegaly (Renal failure์€ ํ•ด๋‹น ์—†์Œ)
  • Diagnosis : ์ž„์ƒ ์ฆ์ƒ + ์—ฌํ–‰ ๊ฒฝ๋กœ, ๊ฐ๋ณ„์ง„๋‹จ ํ•„์š”
  • Therapy & Prophylaxis
    • no therapy (๋Œ€์ฆ์น˜๋ฃŒ ์ •๋„)
    • Vaccine available, but not tested (์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Œ)
    • ๋ชจ๊ธฐ์—๊ฒŒ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ค‘์š”

์ฐธ๊ณ ) ๋ชจ๊ธฐ์— ์˜ํ•œ ์งˆ๋ณ‘ cycle

  • Urban cycle(๋„์‹œํ˜•) : ๋ชจ๊ธฐ์— ์˜ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ - ์‚ฌ๋žŒ ์ „ํŒŒ
  • Rural cycle(์‹œ๊ณจํ˜•) : ๋ชจ๊ธฐ์— ์˜ํ•œ ๊ฐ€์ถ• โ†’ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ ์ „ํŒŒ
  • Jungle cycle : ๋ชจ๊ธฐ์— ์˜ํ•œ ์›์ˆญ์ด - ์›์ˆญ์ด ์ „ํŒŒ

Yellow Fever

  • arbovirus in human and primates
  • ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์—์„œ ํ™ฉ๋‹ฌ(jaundice), ์—ด(fever)
  • constant cycle(mosquitoes - monkeys in jungle) โ†’ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์„ ๋ฌผ์–ด ์ „ํŒŒ
  • Etiology : YF virus
  • Occurence
    • ์ ๋„ ๋ถ€๊ทผ์˜ ์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด/์•„๋ฉ”๋ฆฌ์นด (๊ตญ๋‚ด ๋ฐœ์ƒ 20๋…„๊ฐ„ 0๊ฑด)
    • urban cycle : solely maintained by A. aegypti, Aedes simpsoni
  • Clinical manifestation
    • high fever, headache, myalgia(๊ทผ์œกํ†ต), nausea(๋ฉ”์Šค๊บผ์›€), โ€ฆ
    • severe : ๋‚ด์žฅ์ถœํ˜ˆ, ์‚ฌ๋ง
    • ๋ง๋ผ๋ฆฌ์•„์™€ ์œ ์‚ฌํ•œ ์ž„์ƒ ์ฆ์ƒ
  • Therapy & Propylaxis
    • no therapy (๋Œ€์ฆ์น˜๋ฃŒ)
    • active immunization required (๋ฐฑ์‹  ์ ‘์ข… ํšจ๊ณผ์ )

Zika virus

  • human birth defects : ์†Œ๋‘์ฆ(microcephaly)์˜ ์›์ธ
  • Etiology
  • Occurence
    • ์—ด๋Œ€์ง€๋ฐฉ : infants born with microcephaly ๋ฐœ์ƒ
    • ๊ตญ๋‚ด์—์„œ ์†Œ์ˆ˜ ๋ฐœ์ƒ, ์†Œ๋‘์ฆ์€ ๋ฐœ์ƒX
  • Transmission
    • Mosquito-borne Transmission
    • Nonmosquito Transmission
      • mother to fetus during pregnancy (์ˆ˜์ง์ „ํŒŒ)
      • sexual/blood transmission
  • Clinical manifestation
    • Acute febrile illness : ์ฃผ๋กœ rash, fever, arthritis
    • Neurologic complications : Guillain-Barrรฉ syndrome
    • Adverse fetal outcomes : ์†Œ๋‘์ฆ(microcephaly)
  • Therapy & Prophylaxis
    • no therapy (๋Œ€์ฆ์น˜๋ฃŒ)
    • no vaccine
    • prevention, control์ด ์ค‘์š”

Japanese Encephalitis

์ผ๋ณธ ๋‡Œ์—ผ

  • Etiology : JE virus
  • Occurence
    • Asia์—์„œ endemic, epidemic (๋™์•„์‹œ์•„, ๋™๋‚จ์•„์‹œ์•„)
    • ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜๋ผ์—์„œ๋„ ์ง€์†์  ๋ฐœ์ƒ
    • Murray Valley Encephalitis์™€ same antibody โ†’ ํ˜ธ์ฃผ์—์„œ๋Š” JE ๊ฑฐ์˜ ๋ฐœ์ƒ X
  • Clinical manifestation
    • mostly inapparent(๋ฌด์ฆ์ƒ)
    • ์ฆ์ƒ์„ ๋ณด์ด๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋ฉด, fatality๋Š” children 20%, adult 50%
    • fever, headache โ†’ seizure(๋‡Œ์ „์ฆ, esp. children), ๋‡Œ์—ผ
    • ๋™๋ฌผ์—์„œ subclinical(๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„ ๋ฌด์ฆ์ƒ), ์ž„์‹ ๋ˆ์—์„œ ์œ ์‚ฐ ์œ ๋ฐœ
      • ๋ง์—์„œ๋Š” high fatality rate์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ neurotropic virus infections ์œ ๋ฐœ
  • Therapy & Prophylaxis
    • ๋Œ€์ฆ์น˜๋ฃŒ(symptomatic treatment)
    • inactivated vaccines โ†’ ์ผ๋ณธ, ํ•œ๊ตญ์—์„œ๋Š” ํ˜„์ €ํžˆ ๊ฐ์†Œ

Flavivirus ์ข…ํ•ฉ

  • ๋ชจ๊ธฐ(Mosquitoes)์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ „ํŒŒ
    • ์ƒˆ, ๋ผ์ง€, ๋ง์ด viremic host
      • West Nile Fever : birds
      • Japanese Encephalitis : pigs
    • Simian, human์ด viremic host
      • Wesselsbron fever
      • Yellow fever
      • Dengue fever
      • Zika
  • ์ง„๋“œ๊ธฐ(Tick)์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ „ํŒŒ
    • ๊ตญ๋‚ด ๋ฐœ์ƒ ์‚ฌ๋ก€ X
    • Louping ill virus : ๋‡Œ๋ง‰์—ผ
    • Kyasanur forest virus
    • Omsk hemorrhagic virus