Latency

  • latent period before ~ clinically detectable. ์ข…์–‘์ด detectableํ•ด์ง€๊ธฐ ์ „๊นŒ์ง€์˜ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„
  • smallest detectable mass : ์ง๊ฒฝ 1cm, 10^9 cell ํฌํ•จ
  • ์ด ํฌ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋˜๊ธฐ๊นŒ์ง€ ์•ฝ 30๋ฒˆ์˜ ์„ธํฌ๋ถ„์—ด์„ ๊ฑฐ์นจ - ์—ฌ๊ธฐ๊นŒ์ง€ ๋˜๋ ค๋ฉด ๋ช‡ ๋…„ ๊ฑธ๋ฆผ
  • ์ด์ฏค ๋˜๋ฉด, 10๋ฒˆ๋งŒ ๋ถ„์—ดํ•ด๋„ 1g tumor๊ฐ€ 1kg ๋จ. ๋งค์šฐ ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ์„ฑ์žฅ
  • ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ์–‘์„ฑ ์ข…์–‘๋ณด๋‹ค ์•…์„ฑ ์ข…์–‘์ด ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ์„ฑ์žฅ

Stepwise tumor development

  • tumor development = stepwise tumor development (๊ณ„๋‹จ์‹ ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ) = multistage carcinogenesis
  • ๋ชจ๋“  ์ข…์—์„œ, tumors๋Š” same sequence๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ์นจ: epidermal hyperplasia, carcinoma in situ, invasive carcinoma.

Initiation

  • mutagenic initiating agent or initiator์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๋Š” irreversible genetic change์˜ ๊ฐœ์‹œ
    • initiator๋Š” DNA๋ฅผ ์†์ƒ์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” chemical or physical carcinogens
  • Initiated cells๋Š” ์ˆ˜๋…„๊ฐ„ quiescentํ•˜๋ฉฐ, morphologically normalํ•ด ๋ณด์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค
  • ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ mitogenic signals์— ๋งค์šฐ ๊ฐ•ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฐ˜์‘ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, apoptosis-inducing stimuli์— ๋” ์ €ํ•ญ์„ฑ์„ ๋ณด์ž„

Promotion

  • selective stimuli^[=promoting agents, promoters: proliferation์„ driveํ•จ] ์— ๋ฐ˜์‘ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋Š” initiated cells์˜ outgrowth
  • promoters๋Š” nonmutagenicํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ^[๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„ reversible], initiated cellss๊ฐ€ growth advantage๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋„๋ก ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์„ ๋งŒ๋“ฆ
  • promotion ๋‹จ๊ณ„์—์„œ benign tumor๊ฐ€ ๋จ

Progression

  • benign tumor๊ฐ€ ์ ์ฐจ malignant tumor๊ฐ€ ๋จ (=malignant transformation)
  • irreversible change๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋ƒ„
  • both genetic and epigenetic changes๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋ƒ„^[์•„์ง ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ๋” ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ๊ณผ์ •์ด๋‹ค]

Tumor heterogeneity & clonal selection

  • ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ tumor๋Š” clonal origin (ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ๋ณ€ํ˜•๋œ ์„ธํฌ์—์„œ ์œ ๋ž˜)
  • heterogeneity : heritavle changes๋“ค์ด ๊ณ„์† ์ถ•์ ๋˜์–ด ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ cell์ด ์กด์žฌ
  • ๋ณ€์ด๋กœ ์ธํ•ด subclonal tumor cell์ด ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ง