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์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋ฐ•์Šค ์•ˆ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฑด ๊ฐ•์˜์ž๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ๊ทธ๋Œ€๋กœ ์˜ฎ๊ธด ๊ฒƒ! ์ดํ•ดํ•  ๋•Œ๋Š” ์„ค๋ช… ๋ณด๊ณ , ๋ณต์Šต/์ •๋ฆฌ/์‹œํ—˜๋Œ€๋น„ ์‹œ์—๋Š” ๋ฐ•์Šค ๋ณด๋ฉด์„œ ์ ๊ฒ€ํ•ด๋„ ์ข‹์„ ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™์•„์š”-!

1. Structure and Function

ํ˜ธํก๊ณ„๋Š” ์•„๋ž˜ ์„ธ ์˜์—ญ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜๋ˆŒ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ์˜์—ญ์˜ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์ด ๋‹ค๋ฅด๊ณ , ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์ฃผ์š” ์„ธํฌ๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค๋ฅด๋‹ค. ์ „๋ถ€ ์—ฐ๊ณ„๋œ ๋‚ด์šฉ์ด๋‹ˆ ํ‘œ๋ฅผ ์ž˜ ๊ธฐ์–ตํ•ด ๋‘๋ฉด ๋„์›€์ด ๋  ๊ฒƒ.

Conductive SystemTransitional SystemExchange System
Structuresnasal cavity, paranasal sinus, pharynx,
larynx, trachea, bronchi
bronchiolesalveolar ducts, alveoli
Key CellsPseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium & goblet, serous cellsClub (Clara) cellsType โ…  / Type โ…ก pneumocytes
RegenerationBasal cellClub cellsType โ…ก pneumocytes
Defense MechanismsMucociliary clearance
antibodies
lysozyme
mucus
Club cells
antioxidants
lysozyme
antibodies
Alveolar macrophages
Intravascular macrophages
Opsonizing antibodies, surfactant, antioxidants

1๏ธโƒฃ Conductive System

[ Structure & Function]

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  • Structures: Nostrils, Nasal Cavity, Sinuses, Nasopharynx, Larynx, Trachea, Bronchi
  • Lining: Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium with goblet and serous cells

์ฝ”๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๊ธฐ๊ด€์ง€๊นŒ์ง€๋Š” (์™ธ๋ถ€ ๋ฌผ์งˆ์„ ๊ฑธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚ด๋Š” ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณณ์ด๋‹ค). pseudostratified columnar epithelium์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ ธ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ํŠน์ง•์œผ๋กœ โ€˜ciliated cellโ€™๊ณผ โ€˜goblet cellโ€™์„ ๊ธฐ์–ตํ•˜์ž.

(์ƒํ”ผ์„ธํฌ๋Š” ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐ”๋‹ฅ(basement membrane)์— ๋ถ™์–ด ์žˆ๋‹ค.)

Ciliated cells๊ฐ€ ์ด๋ฌผ์„ ๋ฐฐ์ถœํ•˜๊ณ , goblet cells(์ˆ ์ž”์„ธํฌ)๋Š” ์ ์•ก์„ ๋ฐฐ์ถœํ•œ๋‹ค. (์ด๋•Œ ์„ฌ๋ชจ๋Š” โ€˜๋ฐฐ์ถœํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœโ€™ ์›€์ง์ธ๋‹ค; escalating)

[ Response to Injury ]

Check

  • Injury effects: Swelling, detachment, exfoliation of ciliated epithelial tells
  • Result: Impaired mucociliary clearance
  • Rapid mitotic regeneration of basal cells (progenitor)
  • Full recovery possible within ~10 days (if basement membrane intact)

์†์ƒ์„ ๋ฐ›์œผ๋ฉด ๋จผ์ € ๋ฌผ์ด ์ฐฌ๋‹ค. (๋ณ‘๋ฆฌ1 1๋‹จ์› - ์„ธํฌ ์†์ƒ์„ ๋ณต์Šตํ•ด๋ณด์ž.) Swelling โ†’ degeneration โ†’ detachment (์ฃผ๋กœ ciliated cell) ์ˆœ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐ˜์‘์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๊ณ , ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ciliary clearance๊ฐ€ ์ €ํ•˜๋œ๋‹ค.

Conductive system์—์„œ ์ฃผ๋กœ ์ฆ์‹(์†์ƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์žฌ์ƒ)์„ ๋‹ด๋‹นํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ basal cell๋กœ, ์žฌ์ƒ๊นŒ์ง€ 10์ผ ์ •๋„ ๊ฑธ๋ฆฐ๋‹ค. (๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ membrane์ด ๊นจ์งˆ ์ •๋„๋กœ ์‹ฌํ•œ ์†์ƒ์„ ๋ฐ›์œผ๋ฉด ์žฌ์ƒ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋‹ค)

์†์ƒ์ด ์ง€์†๋˜๋ฉด ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋น„๊ฐ€์—ญ์  ๋ณ€ํ™”๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.

(1) Squamous metaplasia

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  • Squamous metaplasia
    • Chronic irritation โ†’ replacement of ciliated epithelium with squamous epithelium
    • Consequences: More resistant but loss of mucociliary function
  • Severe chronic injury may also result in scarring and airway obstruction
  • Squamous metaplasia : โ€œmetaplasiaโ€ - ์›๋ž˜ ์ƒํ”ผ์„ธํฌ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์„ ๊ณณ์ด ์•„๋‹Œ๋ฐ ์ƒํ”ผ์„ธํฌ๊ฐ€ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ.
    • ๋งŒ์„ฑ์ , ์ง€์†์ ์ธ ์ž๊ทน ๋“ฑ์œผ๋กœ ์žฌ์ƒ์ด ์ œ๋Œ€๋กœ ๋˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•ด์„œ โ†’ ๋” ํŠผํŠผํ•œ ์„ธํฌ๊ฐ€ ๋˜์–ด๋ฒ„๋ฆฌ์ž! ํ•˜๊ณ  ์•„์˜ˆ ์„ธํฌ์˜ ์„ฑ์งˆ์ด ๋ฐ”๋€Œ์–ด ๋ฒ„๋ฆฐ๋‹ค.
    • ์ €ํ•ญ์„ฑ์€ ํ›จ์”ฌ ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ๋ณธ๋ž˜ ์„ธํฌ์˜ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ(mucociliairy function)์ด ์‚ฌ๋ผ์ง„๋‹ค. โ†’ ์›๋ž˜ ์„ธํฌ๋งŒํผ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•œ๋‹ค. (์ด๋ฌผ ์ œ๊ฑฐ โ†“)
      (+ ์—ผ์ฆ์˜ ์ง€์†๋˜๋ฉด(๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์ง€ํ‘œ๋Š” fibrosis) scar๊ฐ€ ํ˜•์„ฑ๋˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•œ๋‹ค. Scar๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ ๋ถ€์œ„๋ฅผ ๋Œ€์ฒดํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์  ๋ณต๊ตฌ๋Š” ๋˜์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์  ๋ณต๊ตฌ๋Š” ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๊ฒƒ์„ ์˜๋ฏธ.)

(2) Bronchiectasis (๊ธฐ๊ด€์ง€ํ™•์žฅ์ฆ)

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  • Bronchiectasis
    • Definition : Bronchiectasis is a pathologic and permanent dilation of a bronchus, often accompanied by rupture of the bronchial wall
    • Pathogenesis
      • Chronic obstruction or persistent inflammation โ†’ progressive destruction of bronchial wall components
      • Proteolytic enzymes and oxygen radicals from phagocytic cells degrade smooth muscle and cartilage (chondromalacia)
      • Loss of mechanical support causes abnormal, irreversible bronchial dilation
    • Morphologic Types
      • Saccular Bronchiectasis: Localized wall destruction forming a ballooned, sac๏ฟพlike dilation
      • Cylindrical Bronchiectasis: More extensive involvement, with uniform dilation over a longer segment of the bronchus
    • Gross Appearance
      • Bosselated (lumpy) appearance
      • Cut surfaces: dilated bronchi packed with purulent (mucopurulent) exudate
      • Bronchiectasis can mimic a pulmonary abscess grossly
  • Bronchoectasis : bronchus๋ฅผ ์ด๋ฃจ๋Š” ์„ธํฌ๋“ค์ด ํšŒ๋ณต ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ์ˆ˜์ค€์œผ๋กœ ์†์ƒ๋˜์–ด, ๋‚ด๊ฐ•์ด ์ •์ƒ๋ณด๋‹ค ํ›จ์”ฌ, ์˜๊ตฌ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋„“์–ด์ง„๋‹ค.
    • ๊ณ„์†๋œ ์—ผ์ฆ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์„ธํฌ๊ฐ€ ์žฌ์ƒ๋˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๊ณ , ๊ทธ ์ž๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์—ผ์ฆ ์„ธํฌ๊ฐ€ ์ ์œ ํ•˜์—ฌ, ๊ตฌ์กฐ์  ๋ณ€ํ™”๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•œ ๊ฒƒ.
    • ์—ฐ๊ณจ์—์„œ๋„ ๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€์ง€๋‹ค. (Chondromalacia) - ๊ธฐ๊ด€์ง€์˜ ์—ฐ๊ณจ(C์ž)์— ๊ณ„์†๋œ ์—ผ์ฆ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด cartilage ๊ดด์‚ฌ โ†’ ์—ฐ๊ณจ์ด ๋…น์•„๋ฒ„๋ ค์„œ ๋” ์ด์ƒ ๋ชจ์–‘์„ ์œ ์ง€ํ•ด์ฃผ์ง€ ๋ชปํ•œ๋‹ค.
      (๋ณด๋‹ค ๊ตฌ์ฒด์ ์œผ๋กœ๋Š”, proteolytic enzyme์ด smooth muscle, cartilage ๋“ฑ์„ ๋…น์—ฌ๋ฒ„๋ฆฐ๋‹ค. ๋‹ค์‹œ ์žฌ์ƒ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š” ์˜๊ตฌ์ , ๋น„๊ฐ€์—ญ์  ์†์ƒ.)
    • ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ด์œ ๋กœ ๊ธฐ๊ด€์ง€๊ฐ€ ์ •์ƒ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๊ณ  ์ถ• ๋Š˜์–ด์ง€๋Š” ๊ฒƒ.
Saccular BronchiectasisCylindrical Bronchiectasis
์ฃผ๋กœ ๊ตญ์†Œ์  ์†์ƒ,
์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ฐœ์˜ ๋‚ญ์œผ๋กœ ์ƒ๊น€.
์ฃผ๋กœ ๊ด‘๋ฒ”์œ„ ์†์ƒ,
ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ํฐ ์‹ค๋ฆฐ๋”์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ์ƒ๊น€.
๋‹จ๋ฉด์„ ์ž˜๋ผ ์—ด์–ด๋ณด๋ฉด ์ ์•ก ์„ฑ๋ถ„์ด ๋งŽ๋‹ค. (ํ˜ธ์ค‘๊ตฌ, ๋†(๊ดด์‚ฌ์†Œ, ์„ฌ์œ ์†Œ, ์•ก์ฒด์„ฑ ๋ฌผ์งˆ)์ด ๋งŽ์œผ๋‹ˆ ์œก์•ˆ์ ์œผ๋กœ pulmonary abscess์™€ ๋น„์Šทํ•œ ํ˜•ํƒœํ•™์  ํŠน์ง•์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„๋‹ค.)

Bronchiectasis์™€ Atelectasis

+) Bronchiectasis์™€ atelectasis(๋ฌด๊ธฐํ)๋Š” ๋ฐ€์ ‘ํ•œ ๊ด€๋ จ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค.

  • Bronchiectasis โ†’ ๊ณต๊ธฐ์˜ ์ง„ํ–‰ ๊ฒฝ๋กœ๊ฐ€ ๋ง‰ํ˜€์„œ alveolar ์ชฝ์œผ๋กœ ๊ณต๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์ž˜ ์ „๋‹ฌ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค. โ†’ ๋จผ ์ชฝ์˜ allvoli๋Š” ๊ณต๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์ง€ ๋ชปํ•ด ํ—ˆํƒˆ์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚œ๋‹ค.
  • ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ bronchiectasis โ†’ ๋ง๋‹จ์—์„œ ์†๋ฐœ์ ์œผ๋กœ atelectasis๊ฐ€ ์ผ์–ด๋‚œ๋‹ค.
  • ์–ด๋–ค ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋Š” atelectasis โ†’ ์†๋ฐœ์ ์œผ๋กœ bronchiectasiis๊ฐ€ ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•œ๋‹ค. (ํ—ˆํƒˆ ๋ถ€์œ„์˜ ๊ทผ์œ„๋ถ€์— ์ˆœํ™˜์ด ์ž˜ ์•ˆ ๋˜๋‹ˆ ์ ์•ก์„ฑ ๋ฌผ์งˆ์ด ์ž˜ ์Œ“์ธ๋‹ค.)

[ Defense Mechanisms ]

Mucociliary clearance antibodies lysozyme mucus

2๏ธโƒฃ Transitional System

[ Structure and Functions ]

Check

  • Structures : Bronchioles (proximal bronchioles โ†’ terminal bronchioles โ†’ respiratory bronchioles (species-dependent)
  • Key cells : Club (Clara) cells โ†’ Secretion, detoxification, progenitor functions
  • Distal bronchioles : Decrease in ciliated cells, but increase in Club cells

์„ธ๊ธฐ๊ด€์ง€๊ฐ€ ์ด๋ฃฌ๋‹ค. ๋ถ„์ง€ํ•˜๋Š” ์ชฝ๊ณผ ๋ฉ€์–ด์งˆ์ˆ˜๋ก terminal์ด๋ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium์ด ์ด์–ด์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ถ„๋น„์„ธํฌ์ธ Club cell(Clara cell)์ด ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•œ๋‹ค.

(์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋ณผ๋ก ํŠ€์–ด๋‚˜์˜จ ๋™๊ทธ๋ž€ ์„ธํฌ๊ฐ€ club cell์ด๋‹ค.)

  • Antibacterial (์„ธ๊ท  ๋ฐฉ์–ด)
  • Surfactanat (์œคํ™œ ์ž‘์šฉ; ๋งค๋„๋Ÿฝ๊ฒŒ ํ•จ)
  • Antioxidant (ํ•ญ์‚ฐ์„ฑ ์œ ์ง€)
  • Stem cell (๋ถ„ํ™”ํ•ด์„œ ์†์ƒ๋œ ์„ธํฌ๋ฅผ ๋‹ค์‹œ ์ฑ„์›€)

Bronchiole์˜ ๋์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐˆ์ˆ˜๋ก ciliated cells๋Š” ์ค„์–ด๋“ค๊ณ , ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„ club cells๋กœ ์ฑ„์›Œ์ง„๋‹ค.

[ Response to Injury ]

Acute Severe

[ Defense Mechanisms ]

Club cells antioxidants lysozyme antibodies

3๏ธโƒฃ Exchange System

[ Structure and Function ]

Check

  • Structures : Alveolar ducts and millions of Alveoli
  • Cell types :
    • Type โ…  pneumocytes (gas exchange)
    • Type โ…ก pneumocytes (surfactant production, regeneration)
  • Blood-Air Barrier
    • The alveolar wall contains alveolar epithelium, basal lamina, and capillary endothelium
    • These layers form the blood-air barrier
    • The alveolar interstitium contains fibroblasts, myofibroblasts, collagen, elastic fibers, and a few macrophages/mast cells

์‹ค์งˆ์ ์ธ ๊ธฐ์ฒด ๊ตํ™˜์„ ๋‹ด๋‹นํ•˜๋Š” exchange system์€ alveolar ducts, alveoli๊ฐ€ ์ด๋ฃฌ๋‹ค. Terminal bronchiole์—์„œ alveoli๋กœ ๋„˜์–ด๊ฐˆ ๋•Œ ๋ฏธ์„ธํ•œ duct๋“ค์ด ์žˆ๊ณ , ๋ง๋‹จ์—์„œ ์ˆ˜๋ฐฑ๋งŒ ๊ฐœ์˜ alveoli๋กœ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋œ๋‹ค.

ํ์˜ ์ฃผ์š” ์„ธํฌ๋Š” type โ… , type โ…ก pneumocyte๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค.

  • Type โ…  pneumocytes : ์‹ค์งˆ์ ์ธ ๊ธฐ์ฒด ๊ตํ™˜์„ ๋‹ด๋‹นํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋งค์šฐ ๋‚ฉ์ž‘ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ƒ๊ฒผ๊ณ , ์†์ƒ์— ์ทจ์•ฝํ•˜๋‹ค.
  • Type โ…ก pneumocytes : Surfactant ์ƒ์„ฑ๊ณผ regeneration์„ ๋‹ด๋‹นํ•œ๋‹ค. Type โ… ๋ณด๋‹ค ํ›จ์”ฌ ํ†ตํ†ตํ•˜๊ณ  round(polygonal)ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ƒ๊ฒผ๋‹ค. Type โ…  pneumocyte๊ฐ€ ์†์ƒ๋˜๋ฉด type โ…ก๊ฐ€ ์„ธํฌ๋ถ„์—ด์„ ํ•ด์„œ ์ฑ„์šด๋‹ค.

Alveolar wall์˜ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ํ™•๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ๋ณด๋ฉด, ํ˜ˆ๊ด€๋‚ดํ”ผ์„ธํฌ 1-2๊ฐœ๋กœ ๋‘˜๋Ÿฌ์‹ธ์ธ ์ž‘์€ ํ˜ˆ๊ด€์— type โ…  pneumocyte๊ฐ€ ๋งž๋‹ฟ์•„ ์žˆ๋‹ค.

์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ alveolar epithelium, baslal lamina, capillary endothelium์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋œ alveolar wall์„ โ€œBlood-Air Barrierโ€๋ผ๊ณ ๋„ ํ•œ๋‹ค.

๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด alveolar wall ์•ˆ์ชฝ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์ƒํ”ผ์„ธํฌ(type โ… &โ…ก pneumocytes)๋ฅผ ์ œ์™ธํ•œ ๋ฌผ์งˆ์„ ๋ชจ๋‘ โ€˜interstitium(๊ฐ„์งˆ)โ€˜์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค๋ฉด ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค.

  • fibroblasts
  • myofibroblasts
  • collagen
  • elastic fiber
  • macrophages/mast cells (์ •์ƒ ์ƒํƒœ์—์„œ๋„ ์–ด๋А์ •๋„ ์ƒ์ฃผํ•จ)

[ Response to Injury ] Type โ… , Type โ…ก

[ Defense Mechanisms ] Alveolar macrophages Intravascular macrophages Opsonizing antibodies, surfactant, antioxidants

2. Dysfunction and Response to Injury

3. Defense Mechanisms

4. Patterns of Injury

Bronchopneumonia

Interstitial pneumonia

Bronchointerstitial pneumonia

Embolici pneumonia

Granulomatous pneumonia

Special Forms

  • Aspiration pneumonia
  • Suppurative bronchopneumonia

5. Species-Specific Diseases

Cattle

  • Contagious Bovine Pleuropneumonia
  • Bovine Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection

Horse

  • Rhodococcus equi infection
  • Equine Viral Rhinopneumonitis
  • Equine Multinodular Pulmonary Fibrosis
  • Equine Mycobacteriosis
  • Others
    • African Horse Sickness (AHS)
    • Hendra
    • Influenza A

Dogs

  • CIRDC
    • Canine Distemper
    • Canine Adenovirus-2 Infection
    • Bacterial Pneumonias
    • Mycotic Pneumonias

Cats